GEOS (8-bit operating system)
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GEOS for the Commodore 64. Mimicking Commodore's OS core naming/misspelling, Berkeley called GEOS' core a "kernal" (cf. kernel).
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| Developer | Berkeley Softworks (later GeoWorks) |
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| Initial release | 1986 |
| Latest release | GEOS 2.0 |
| Available in | English and German |
| Platforms | Commodore 64, Commodore 128, Commodore Plus/4, Apple II family |
| Default user interface | Graphical user interface |
| Official website | {{ |
GEOS (Graphic Environment Operating System) is an operating system from Berkeley Softworks (later GeoWorks). Originally designed for the Commodore 64 and released in 1986, it provided a graphical user interface for this popular 8-bit computer. GEOS closely resembled early versions of Mac OS and included a graphical word processor (geoWrite) and paint program (geoPaint).
A December 1987 survey by the Commodore-dedicated magazine Compute!'s Gazette found that nearly half of its readers used GEOS.[1] For many years, Commodore bundled GEOS with its redesigned and cost reduced C64, the C64C. At its peak, GEOS was the third most popular microcomputer operating system in the world in terms of units shipped, trailing only MS-DOS and Mac OS (besides of the original Commodore 64's KERNAL).
Other GEOS-compatible software packages were available from Berkeley Softworks or from third parties, including a reasonably sophisticated desktop publishing application called geoPublish and a spreadsheet called geoCalc. While geoPublish was not as sophisticated as Aldus Pagemaker and geoCalc not as sophisticated as Microsoft Excel, the packages provided reasonable functionality, and Berkeley Softworks founder Brian Dougherty claimed the company ran its business using its own software on Commodore 8-bit computers for several years.
Enhanced versions of GEOS later became available in 1987 for the Commodore 128 and in for 1988 the Apple II family. A lesser-known version was also released for the Commodore Plus/4.
Contents
Development
Written by a group of programmers, the GEOS Design Team:[2] Jim DeFrisco, Dave Durran, Michael Farr, Doug Fults, Chris Hawley, Clayton Jung, and Tony Requist, led by Dougherty, who cut their teeth on limited-resource video game machines such as the Atari 2600, GEOS was revered[citation needed] for what it could accomplish on machines with 64–128 kB of RAM memory and 1–2 MHz of 8-bit processing power.
Unlike many pieces of proprietary software for the C64 and C128, GEOS took full advantage of many of the add-ons and improvements available for these systems. Commodore's 1351 mouse was supported by GEOS, as were its various RAM expansion units. GEOS 128 also fully supported the C128's 640×200 high-resolution VDC display mode through a compatible RGB monitor.
The C64 version of GEOS incorporated a built-in fast loader, called diskTurbo, that significantly increased the speed of drive access on the slow 1541. GEOS was the first Commodore software that could use a floppy disk as swap space or virtual memory.[3] GEOS 128 could take advantage of the C128's enhanced "burst mode" in conjunction with the 1571 and 1581 drives. The Commodore version of GEOS used a copy protection scheme that rendered users disks unbootable if the software detected that the disk had been illegally duplicated.[4]
Via Berkeley's special geoCable interface converter or other third-party interfaces to connect standard RS-232 or Centronics printers to the Commodore serial bus, GEOS supported a wide variety of printers, including HP PCL printers and the Apple LaserWriter. This ability to print to high-end printers was a major factor in making GEOS a desktop publishing platform.
The Apple II version of GEOS was released as freeware in August 2003. The Commodore 64/128 versions followed in February 2004. The Apple II version is freely available for download from Breadbox.
The latest GEOS desktop suite for IBM PC compatibles is Breadbox Ensemble. Revivals were seen in the OmniGo handhelds, Brother GeoBook line of laptop-appliances, and the NewDeal Office package for PCs. Related code found its way to earlier 'Zoomer' PDAs, creating an unclear lineage to Palm, Inc.'s later work. Nokia used GEOS as a base operating system for their Nokia Communicator series, before switching to EPOC (Symbian).
GEOS versions[5]
- 1986: GEOS for Commodore 64
- 1987: GEOS for Commodore C128
- 1988: GEOS for Apple II, GEOS V2.0 for Commodore C64, GEOS V2.1 for Apple II
- 1989: GEOS V2.0 for Commodore C128
- 1990: GeoWorks, GeoWorks Ensemble 1.0
- 1991: GeoWorks Ensemble 1.2
- 1992: GeoWorks Pro
- 1993: GeoWorks Ensemble 2.0, Geopublish 2.0
- 1994: Geoworks Ensemble 2.01
- 1996: New Deal Office, NewDeal Office 2.5, NewDeal Publish 2.5
- 1997: NewDeal Office 97
- 1998: NewDeal Office 98
- 1999: NewDeal Office Release 3
- 2000: NewDeal Office 3.2
- 2001: NewDeal Office 2000
- 2002: BreadBox Ensemble
GEOS products and applications
Dozens of official and third-party applications and other products were produced for GEOS. Among the most important and popular were the following:
- geoBASIC
- geoCable
- geoCalc
- geoChart
- geoDex
- geoDraw
- geoFAX
- geoFile
- geoFont
- geoLabel
- geoPaint
- geoPrint
- geoProgrammer
- geoPublish
- geoSpell
- geoWrite
- geoWrite Workshop
- geoRAM
- Writer 64 (Timeworks)[6]
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ GEOS User's Manual, Version 1.2, Printed: October 1986, Berkeley Softworks, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Berkeley, California 94704
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.guidebookgallery.org/timelines/geos
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Notes
- Farr, Michael (1987). The Official GEOS Programmer's Reference Guide. For Commodore 64/64C/128. Includes versions 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2. Bantam Books/Berkeley Softworks. ISBN 0-553-34404-8.
- Tornsdorf, Manfred; Kerkoh, Rüdiger (1986). GEOS Inside and Out. An introduction to GEOS, its applications and internals. Abacus/Data Becker. ISBN 0-916439-81-X.
External links
- Breadbox Home of the GEOS operating system
- The Commodore GEOS FAQ v1.5.0 – By Bo Zimmermann
- GEOS: The Graphical Operating System A lengthy review of GEOS and its historylv:GEOS (8 bitu operētājsistēma)
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