Geography of Sweden

Sweden
Continent	Europe
Subregion	Scandinavia
Geographic coordinates
Area  - total  - water	Ranked 55th 450,295 km2 39,960- km2 (8.69%)
Coastline	3,218 km (2,000 mi)
Land boundaries	2,333 km (1,550 mi)
Countries bordered	Norway 1,619 km Finland 614 km
Highest point	Kebnekaise, 2,111 m / 6,926 ft
Lowest point	Kristianstad, -2.41 m
Longest river	Klarälven-Göta älv, 720 km (447.4 mi)
Largest inland body of water	Vänern 5,648 km2 (3,510 sq mi)
Land use  - Arable land  - Permanent    crops  - Other	5.80 % 0.02 % 94.18 % (2011)
Irrigated land	1,597 km2 (2007)
Climate:	Temperate to subarctic
Terrain:	Flat lowlands, mountains
Natural resources	Iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, arsenic, feldspar, timber, hydropower
Natural hazards	Ice flow
Environmental issues	Acid rains, eutrophication

Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It borders Norway to the west; Finland to the northeast; and the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia to the east and south.

Sweden has a long coastline on the eastern side and the Scandinavian mountain chain (Skanderna) on the western border, a range that separates Sweden from Norway. It has maritime borders with Denmark, Germany, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, and it is also linked to Denmark (southwest) by the Öresund Bridge. At 450,295 km² (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the 56th largest country in the world. It is the fifth largest in Europe and the largest in Northern Europe.

Terrain

File:Map of Sweden Cities (polar stereographic).png

Map of Sweden

Much of Sweden is heavily forested, with 69% of the country being forest and woodland, while farmland constitutes only 8% of land use. Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, with increasing forest coverage northward. Mountains and hills are dominant in the west. About 15% of Sweden lies north of the Arctic Circle.

The lowest elevation in Sweden is in the bay of Lake Hammarsjön, near Kristianstad at −2.41 m (−7.91 ft) below sea level. The highest point is Kebnekaise at 2,111 m (6,926 ft) above sea level.

The highest population density is in the Öresund region in southern Sweden and in the valley of lake Mälaren near to Stockholm. Vänern and Vättern are Sweden's largest lakes. Vänern is the third largest in Europe, after Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega in Russia.

Sweden consists of 39,960 km² of water area, constituting around 95,700 lakes. The lakes are sometimes used for water power plants, especially the large northern rivers and lakes. The two largest islands are Gotland and Öland in the southeast. They each have their own culture, most notably Gotland with the old, largely intact and heritage-filled city Visby.

Political divisions

Sunset off the coast of Öland

Provinces

Main articles: Provinces of Sweden and Lands of Sweden

Sweden has 25 provinces or landskap (landscapes), based on culture, geography and history: Bohuslän, Blekinge, Dalarna, Dalsland, Gotland, Gästrikland, Halland, Hälsingland, Härjedalen, Jämtland, Lapland, Medelpad, Norrbotten, Närke, Skåne, Småland, Södermanland, Uppland, Värmland, Västmanland, Västerbotten, Västergötland, Ångermanland, Öland and Östergötland.

While these provinces serve no political or administrative purpose, they play an important role for people's self-identification. The provinces are usually grouped together in three large lands (landsdelar): the northern Norrland, the central Svealand and southern Götaland. The sparsely populated Norrland encompasses almost 60% of the country.

Counties

Main article: Counties of Sweden

Administratively, Sweden is divided into 21 counties, or län. In each county there is a County Administrative Board, or länsstyrelse, which is appointed by the national government.

In each county there is also a separate County Council, or landsting, which is the municipal representation appointed by the county electorate.

• K = Blekinge County
• W = Dalarna County
• I = Gotland County
• X = Gävleborg County
• N = Halland County
• Z = Jämtland County
• F = Jönköping County
• H = Kalmar County
• G = Kronoberg County
• BD = Norrbotten County
• M = Skåne County
• AB = Stockholm County
• D = Södermanland County
• C = Uppsala County
• S = Värmland County
• AC = Västerbotten County
• Y = Västernorrland County
• U = Västmanland County
• O = Västra Götaland County
• T = Örebro County
• E = Östergötland County

The letters shown were on the vehicle registration plates until 1973.

Municipalities

Main article: Municipalities of Sweden

Lapporten mountain pass in Lapland

Each county is further divided into municipalities or kommuner, ranging from only one (in Gotland County) to forty-nine (in Västra Götaland County). The total number of municipalities is 290.

The northern municipalities are often large in size, but have small populations – the largest municipality is Kiruna with an area as large as the three southern provinces in Sweden (Scania, Blekinge and Halland) combined, but it only has a population of 25,000, and its density is about 1 / km².

Population density in the counties of Sweden.
people/km²

  0-9.9

  10-24.9

  25-49.9

  50-99.9

  100-199.9

  200+

Population

Sweden has a population of about 9.6 million. The north is less populated than the southern and central parts, mostly because of its colder climate.

Cities

Main articles: Cities in Sweden and Urban areas in Sweden

Cities and towns in Sweden are not political or administrative entities but localities or urban areas, independent of the municipal subdivision. The largest city, in terms of population, is the capital Stockholm, in the east, the dominant city for culture and media, with a population of 1,250,000. The second largest city is Gothenburg, with 510,500, in the west. The third largest is Malmö in the south, with 258,000. The largest city in the north is Umeå with 76,000 inhabitants.

Natural resources

Sweden's natural resources include copper, gold, hydropower, iron ore, lead, silver, timber, uranium, and zinc.

Environment

Acid rain has become an issue because it is damaging soils and lakes and polluting the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The HBV hydrology transport model has been used to analyze nutrient discharge to the Baltic from tributary watersheds.

Climate

Gothenburg
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     62     1 −4     41     1 −5     50     5 −2     42     9 1     51     16 6     61     19 10     68     20 12     77     20 12     81     16 8     84     11 6     84     6 1     75     3 −3 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: Climatedata.eu
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.4     34 25     1.6     34 23     2     41 28     1.7     48 34     2     61 43     2.4     66 50     2.7     68 54     3     68 54     3.2     61 46     3.3     52 43     3.3     43 34     3     37 27 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Kiruna
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     30     −11 −21     25     −8 −22     26     −4 −18     26     0 −9     33     8 −1     48     15 5     86     18 7     73     15 5     49     10 0     47     −2 −10     41     −6 −13     34     −8 −19 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: SMHI.se
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.2     12 −6     1     18 −8     1     25 0     1     32 16     1.3     46 30     1.9     59 41     3.4     64 45     2.9     59 41     1.9     50 32     1.9     28 14     1.6     21 9     1.3     18 −2 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Nyköping
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     40     0 −6     25     0 −6     25     3 −4     30     8 0     30     15 5     45     20 10     60     22 13     50     22 11     55     15 7     45     11 4     50     5 −1     45     1 −5 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: SMHI.se
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.6     32 21     1     32 21     1     37 25     1.2     46 32     1.2     59 41     1.8     68 50     2.4     72 55     2     72 52     2.2     59 45     1.8     52 39     2     41 30     1.8     34 23 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Stockholm
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     39     −1 −5     27     −1 −5     26     3 −3     30     9 1     30     16 6     45     21 11     72     22 13     66     20 13     55     15 9     50     10 5     53     5 1     46     1 −3 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: HKO
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.5     30 23     1.1     30 23     1     37 27     1.2     48 34     1.2     61 43     1.8     70 52     2.8     72 55     2.6     68 55     2.2     59 48     2     50 41     2.1     41 34     1.8     34 27 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Extreme points

Kebnekaise

Smygehuk

Stora Drammen

Kataja

Treriksröset

Vattenriket

Extreme points of Sweden

The extreme points of Sweden include the coordinates that are farthest north, south, east and west in Sweden, and the ones that are at the highest and the lowest elevations in the country. In opposite to Norway and Denmark, Sweden has no external territories that can be considered either inside or outside the country depending on definition, meaning that the extreme points of Sweden are unambiguous.

The latitude and longitude are expressed in decimal degree notation, in which a positive latitude value refers to the Northern Hemisphere, and a negative value refers to the Southern Hemisphere. Additionally, a negative elevation value refers to land below sea level. The coordinates used in this article are sourced from Google Earth, which makes use of the World Geodetic System (WGS) 84, a geodetic reference system.

Latitude and longitude

Treriksröset, Sweden's northernmost point

Signpost in the harbour of Smygehuk, Sweden's southernmost point

Sweden's northernmost point is Treriksröset, in the Lapland province, where the borders of Sweden, Norway, and Finland meet. The closest Swedish city to the area is Kiruna, which is Sweden's northern-most city. Sweden's southernmost point is in the harbour of the fishing village Smygehuk, near the city of Trelleborg, which borders the Baltic Sea. At the pier of the harbour, a signpost displays the exact position of the point, as well as the distance to Treriksröset, Stockholm, Berlin, Paris, and Moscow.

Sweden's westernmost point is on Stora Drammen, an islet in Skagerrak outside the coast of Bohuslän. Seabirds and harbor seals have colonies on the islet, but it is uninhabited by humans. Sweden's easternmost point is on Kataja, an islet south of Haparanda in the Bothnian Bay. The islet is divided between Sweden and Finland. The border was established in 1809, after the Finnish War, between what was previously two islets, a Swedish one called Kataja and a smaller Finnish one called Inakari. Since 1809, post-glacial rebound has caused the sea level in the region to drop relative to land level, joining the two islets. If counting the mainland only, Stensvik in Strömstad is Sweden's westernmost point, and Sundholmen in Haparanda is the easternmost point.

Heading	Location	Province	Bordering entity	Coordinates	Ref
North	Treriksröset, Kiruna	Lapland	Troms, Norway, and Lapland, Finland
South	Smygehuk, Trelleborg	Scania	Baltic Sea
West	Stora Drammen, Strömstad	Bohuslän	Skagerrak
West (mainland)	Stensvik, Strömstad	Bohuslän	Skagerrak
East	Kataja, Haparanda	Norrbotten	Bothnian Bay
East (mainland)	Sundholmen, Haparanda	Norrbotten	Torne River, and the Bothnian Bay

Elevation

At 2,098 metres (6,883 ft), Kebnekaise is Sweden's highest point.

The highest point in Sweden is Kebnekaise, which stands at 2,098 metres (6,883 ft) (August 2014). It is in the Scandinavian Mountains chain, in the province of Lapland. The mountain has two peaks, of which the glaciated southern one is the highest at 2,104 metres (6,903 ft). The northern peak, which stands at 2,096 metres (6,877 ft), is free of ice. Although the south top is traditionally said to be 2,111 metres (6,926 ft) high, new measurements have shown that the glacier has shrunk fairly fast; therefore the summit is not as high as earlier. It was 2,104 metres (6,903 ft) in 2008. Other points of comparable height in the vicinity of Kebnekaise include Sarektjåkka at 2,089 metres (6,854 ft), and Kaskasatjåkka at 2,076 metres (6,811 ft). If the summers of 2016 and 2017 get as warm as the previous years, the northern peak will become the highest.

Sweden's lowest point, which is 2.41 metres (7.91 ft) below sea level, is in the Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve in the city of Kristianstad. The point is at the bottom of what was once Nosabyviken, a bay on the lake of Hammarsjön. The bay was drained in the 1860s by John Nun Milner, an engineer, to get more arable land for Kristianstad.

Extremity	Name	Elevation	Location	Province	Coordinates	Ref
Highest	Kebnekaise	2,098 metres (6,883 ft)	Scandinavian Mountains	Lapland
Lowest	Kristianstads Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve	−2.41 metres (−7.91 ft)	Kristianstad	Scania

See also

In this true-color scene on March 15, 2002, much of Sweden can be seen covered by snow.

• Geographical center of Sweden
• List of cities in Sweden
• List of islands of Sweden
• List of lakes in Sweden
• List of municipalities of Sweden
• List of national parks of Sweden
• List of rivers in Sweden
• Climate of Sweden