Georgy Lvov

In this article, the family name is Yevgenyevich.

Georgy Lvov Георгий Львов
File:Georgy Lvov 1917.jpg Georgy Lvov as Prime Minister in March 1917
Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government
In office 15 March 1917 – 20 July 1917
Preceded by	Nikolai Golitsyn (As Prime Minister of Russia) Nicholas II (As Emperor of Russia)
Succeeded by	Alexander Kerensky
Minister of Interior
In office 15 March 1917 – 20 July 1917
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Alexander Protopopov
Succeeded by	Nikolai Avksentiev
8th Prime Minister of Russia
In office 15 March 1917 – 20 July 1917
Monarch	Vacant
Preceded by	Nikolai Golitsyn
Succeeded by	Alexander Kerensky
Personal details
Born	Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov 2 November 1861 Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony, German Confederation
Died	7 March 1925 (1925-03-08) (aged 63) Paris, France
Nationality	Russian
Political party	Constitutional Democratic (1905 – 1911) Progressive (since 1911)
Alma mater	Moscow State University
Profession	Politician

Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (2 November [O.S. 21 October] 1861 – 7/8 March 1925) was a Russian aristocrat and statesman who served as the first prime minister of democratic Russia from 15 March to 20 July 1917. He was the last Muscovite and the last Rurikid head of the Russian state.

During the Russo-Japanese War Lvov gained national fame for organising relief work in the Russian Far East, and in 1905 joined the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party.

Early life and education

Georgy Lvov was born on 2 November 1861 (21 October, Old Style, Julian Calendar) in Dresden, then part of the German Confederation. The Lvov princely family were among the oldest Russian noble families, tracing their roots from the sovereign Rurik dynasty princes of Yaroslavl. His father was a reform-minded liberal who spent almost all his income on his children's education; Lvov and his five brothers were sent off to the most prestigious Moscow schools. Throughout his youth, Georgy lived with his family at their ancestral home at Popovka in Tula province, less than 120 miles (190 km) away from Moscow and only a few miles away from Yasnaya Polyana, the home of writer Leo Tolstoy. The Lvovs counted Tolstoy as one of their closest friends.

By the standards of the Russian noble class, the Lvovs lived a frugal lifestyle. Luxuries were minimal and their estate was considered small at only 1,000 acres (400 ha). The Lvovs generated massive debts in excess of around 150,000 roubles by the end of the 1870s. With the abolition of serfdom, the Lvov family fell into the category of landowners who did not have the means to live in the manner to which many other Russian nobles had been accustomed. In order to pay off their arrears, the family were forced to sell their other landed estates, a brewery in Briansk, and their flat in Moscow. Despite this, the family remained heavily in debt and were faced with the prospect of either having to sell Popovka or convert it into a profitable farm. The Lvovs opted for the latter, with Georgy later recalling: "The idea of giving up the home of our ancestors was unthinkable". The farm at Popovka had become so dilapidated after decades of neglect that it required strenuous work to restore it. By this time his father was too ill to work, leaving Georgy's four older brothers and only sister to take charge of the farm while he studied law at the University of Moscow. The family laid off all their servants and lived like peasants ― Lvov would later recall this time as a source of his own emancipation: "It separated us from the upper crust and made us democratic". As a result of their labour, all debts were repaid by the late 1880s and their ancestral home saved.

Lvov later married Countess Julia Alexeievna Bobrinskaya (1867–1903), great-great-granddaughter of Grigory Orlov and Catherine the Great, without issue. They met whilst Lvov was working in a soup kitchen in Tambov province during the Russian famine of 1891–1892.

Pre-revolution

Russo-Japanese War

File:Lvov GE.jpg

Lvov, deputy of the State Duma of the I convocation, 1906

With the outbreak of war between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire in January 1904, the provincial zemstvos were mobilised to assist with the war effort. To help the Red Cross on the Manchurian front, thirteen zemstvos formed a combined medical brigade consisting of 360 doctors and nurses, led by Lvov. This marked the first time that zemstvos had been allowed to organise themselves at a national level after their powers had been restricted by Alexander III in 1890. Lvov had pleaded with Tsar Nicholas to let the brigade go; the Tsar was so moved by his patriotic sentiment that he ended up hugging and kissing him and wished him well. The relief mission, which won high praise from Russian military leaders, turned Lvov into a national hero and enabled the zemstvos to reintegrate themselves into Russian governing society.

Revolution of 1905

A year later he won election to the First Duma, and was nominated for a ministerial position. He became chairman of the All-Russian Union of Zemstvos in 1914, and in 1915 he became a leader of the Union of Zemstvos as well as a member of Zemgor, a joint committee of the Union of Zemstvos and the Union of Towns that helped supply the military and tend to the wounded from World War I. In December 1916, after Prince Lvov's tirades at the Congress of Zemstvos, the Voluntary Organisations would allow no one to work for the government unless their collaboration were purchased by political concessions.

Later years

During the first Russian Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II, emperor of Russia, Lvov was made head of the provisional government founded by the Duma on 2 March 1917. Unable to rally sufficient support, he resigned in July 1917 in favour of his Minister of War, Alexander Kerensky.

File:Georgy Lvov, 1919 LOC cropped.jpg

Georgy Lvov, 1919

After the October Revolution he settled in Tyumen. In the winter of 1917 he was arrested and transferred to Yekaterinburg. Three months later, Lvov and two other prisoners (Lopukhin and Prince Golitsyn) were released before the court under a written undertaking not to leave the place. The local war commissar, Filipp Goloshchekin, intended to execute Lvov and the other prisoners, but was ordered not to by Isaac Steinberg, the People's Commissar for Justice, a Left-Socialist Revolutionary while they were still in coalition with the Bolsheviks. Lvov immediately left Yekaterinburg, made his way to Omsk, occupied by the anti-Bolshevik Czechoslovak Legion. The Provisional Siberian Government, headed by Pyotr Vologodsky, was formed in Omsk and instructed Lvov to leave for the United States (since it was believed that this country was capable of providing the fastest and most effective assistance to anti-Bolshevik forces) to meet with President Woodrow Wilson and other statesmen to inform them on the aims of the anti-Soviet forces and receiving assistance from former allies of Russia in the First World War. In October 1918 he travelled to the United States but was late as in November of the same year the First World War ended and preparations began for the peace conference in Paris, where the centre of world politics moved.

Having failed to achieve any practical results in the USA, Lvov returned to France, where in 1918–1920 he was at the head of the Russian political meeting in Paris. He was at the source of the labor exchanges system to help Russian emigrants, transferred to their disposal the funds of Zemgor, stored in the National Bank of the United States. Later he left politics, living in Paris in poverty, working at handicraft and writing his memoirs.

Memorials

There is a memorial to Prince Lvov in Aleksin as well as a small exhibition on him in the town museum. In Popovka there is another memorial opposite his local church and a plaque on the wall of the local school he founded. He died in Boulogne-sur-Seine and is buried in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery in France.

A relative of his by the name of Prince Andre Nikita Lwoff (1901–1933), variously described as either Georgy Lvov's son or nephew, is buried in the old cemetery in Menton.

Further reading

Lvov wrote an autobiography, 'Воспоминания' ("Memories"), while in exile and a biography was also written in 1932 by Tikhon Polner entitled 'Жизненный путь князя Георгія Евгеніевича Львова. Личность. Взгляды. Условія дѣятельности' ("The Life Course of Prince Georgy Yevgenievich Lvov. Personality. Views. Conditions of Activity"). Neither has been translated but both have been reprinted and are still available in Russian.

Notes

Note on transliteration: An older French form, Lvoff, is used on his tombstone. Georgy can be written as Georgi and is sometimes seen in its translated form, George or Jorge.

External links

•  
• Lvov Days and memorials
• Aleksin Museum of Art and Regional Studies
• Publishers of Lvov's biographies

Political offices
Preceded by Nikolai Golitsyn (Prime Minister) Nicholas II of Russia (Emperor)	Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government 15 March 1917 – 20 July 1917	Succeeded by Alexander Kerensky