Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
Giovanni Battista Draghi (Italian pronunciation: [dʒoˈvanni batˈtista ˈdraːɡi]) (4 January 1710 – 16 March 1736), best known as Pergolesi (Italian: [perɡoˈleːzi]) or Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, was an Italian composer, violinist and organist.
Biography
Born in Jesi in what is now the Province of Ancona (but was then the Papal States), he was commonly given the nickname "Pergolesi", a demonym indicating in Italian the residents of Pergola, Marche, the birthplace of his ancestors. He studied music in Iesi under a local musician, Francesco Santini, before going to Naples in 1725, where he studied under Gaetano Greco and Francesco Feo among others. He spent most of his brief life working for aristocratic patrons like the Colonna principe di Stigliano, and duca Marzio IV Maddaloni Carafa.
Pergolesi was one of the most important early composers of opera buffa (comic opera). His opera seria, Il prigionier superbo, contained the two act buffa intermezzo, La serva padrona (The Servant Mistress, 28 August 1733), which became a very popular work in its own right. When it was performed in Paris in 1752, it prompted the so-called Querelle des Bouffons ("quarrel of the comic actors") between supporters of serious French opera by the likes of Jean-Baptiste Lully and Jean-Philippe Rameau and supporters of new Italian comic opera. Pergolesi was held up as a model of the Italian style during this quarrel, which divided Paris's musical community for two years.
Among Pergolesi's other operatic works are his first opera La conversione e morte di San Guglielmo (1731), Lo frate 'nnamorato (The brother in love, 1732, to a text in the Neapolitan language), L'Olimpiade (31 January 1735) and Il Flaminio (1735). All his operas were premiered in Naples, apart from L'Olimpiade, which was first given in Rome.
Pergolesi also wrote sacred music, including a Mass in F and two Salve Regina settings. It is his Stabat Mater (1736), however, for soprano, alto, string orchestra and basso continuo, which is his best-known sacred work. It was commissioned by the Confraternità dei Cavalieri di San Luigi di Palazzo who presented an annual Good Friday meditation in honor of the Virgin Mary. Pergolesi's work replaced one composed by Alessandro Scarlatti only nine years before, but which was already perceived as "old-fashioned," so rapidly had public tastes changed.
While classical in scope, the opening section of the setting demonstrates Pergolesi's mastery of the Italian baroque durezze e ligature style, characterized by numerous suspensions over a faster, conjunct bassline. The work remained popular, becoming the most frequently printed work of the 18th century,[1] and being arranged by a number of other composers, including Johann Sebastian Bach, who used it as the basis for his cantata Tilge, Höchster, meine Sünden (Root out my sins, Highest One), BWV 1083.
Pergolesi wrote a number of secular instrumental works, including a violin sonata and a violin concerto. A considerable number of instrumental and sacred works once attributed to Pergolesi have since been shown to be misattributed. Much of Igor Stravinsky's ballet Pulcinella, which ostensibly reworks pieces by Pergolesi, is actually based on works by other composers, especially Domenico Gallo. The Concerti Armonici are now known to have been composed by Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer. Many colorful anecdotes related by Pergolesi's 19th-century biographer, Francesco Florimo, were later revealed as fabrication, though they furnished material for two nineteenth-century operas broadly based on Pergolesi's career.[1]
Giovanni Battista Pergolesi died on March 16, 1736 at the age of 26 in Pozzuoli from tuberculosis and was buried at the Franciscan monastery one day later.
Pergolesi's works on screen
Pergolesi's Salve Regina is a highlighted performance in the movie Farinelli (1994), in which Farinelli also performs Stabat Mater Dolorosa in the only duet. The first and last parts of Pergolesi's Stabat Mater were used in the soundtrack of the movie Jésus de Montréal (1989); the third part ("Quis est homo") was used in the soundtrack of the movie Smilla's Sense of Snow (1997); the last part was also used in the movie Amadeus (1984) and in the movie The Mirror (1975) by Andrei Tarkovsky. The film Cactus (1986) by the Australian director Paul Cox also features Pergolesi's Stabat Mater on the soundtrack.[2]
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hucke, Helmut and Monson, Dale E. "Pergolesi, Giovanni Battist". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
External links
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- Free scores by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- Free scores by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi at the International Music Score Library Project
- The Mutopia Project has compositions by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
- Fondazione Pergolesi Spontini of Iesi
- Istituto Internazionele per lo studio del '700 musicale napoletano[dead link]
- The Early Music ensemble Voices of Music performs Pergolesi's Stabat Mater
- Pages with broken file links
- Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference
- Articles with Internet Archive links
- Articles with dead external links from July 2013
- 1710 births
- 1736 deaths
- People from Iesi
- Deaths from tuberculosis
- Baroque composers
- Classical-period composers
- Italian classical composers
- Italian male classical composers
- Italian opera composers
- 18th-century classical composers
