Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2b1
Possible time of origin	30,000-40,000
Possible place of origin	Southeast Asia; Oceania.
Ancestor	K2b (P331)
Descendants	M (P256); S (P405)
Defining mutations	P397, P399

Haplogroup K2b1 is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230).

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.

Structure

Main article: Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K

K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.

Its direct descendants are:

• K2b1a (CTS5650/F3744/P405); known previously as Haplogroup S-P405, which includes
  • K2b1a1 (P60, P304, P308), sometimes known as S-P60 and S-P308,
  • K2b1a2 (P79/P299),
  • K2b1a3 (P315), and
  • Haplogroup S (M230), also known as K2b1a4,
• K2b1b (P336),
• K2b1c (P378), and
• Haplogroup M (P256), also known as K2b1d.

Distribution

The vast majority of males carrying K2b1 are members of Haplogroup M and Haplogroup S, in New Guinea.

K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea, and up to 60% in the Aeta of the Philippines.

Major studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA, published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that about 27% of Aboriginal males carry K2b1a1 (P60, P304, P308), which has also been referred to as "S-P308". (The authors assumed 56% of the samples taken to be non-indigenous in origin. The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: C1b2b [M347; previous Haplogroup C4], basal C* [M130] and two distantly-related subclades of Haplogroup K2 at low levels: basal K2* [M526] and M1 [M4].)

Population	K2b1 as %
Papua New Guinea	82.76%
New Zealand	03.82% (i.e. 1.95% of the 51% Maori males with indigenous Y-DNA)
Fiji	60.75%
Solomon Islands	71.9%
French Polynesia	08.00%
Vanuatu	76.5%
Guam	33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa	08.04%
Kiribati	0% (small sample size)
Tonga	20.69%
Micronesia FDR	66.67%
Marshall Islands	63.64%
Palau	61.5% small sample size
Cook Islands	03.9%
Wallis and Futuna	26%
Tuvalu	36%
Nauru	28.6% (small sample size)
Niue	0% (small sample size)
Tokelau	50% (small sample size)
Hawaii	20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians	27% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous)
Timor	25%
Aeta	60%
Filipinos	04.00%
Malaysia	06.40%
Flores	35%
Sulawesi	11.3%
Eastern Indonesia	25.9%
Java	0%
Bali	0.90%
Sumatra	0%
Borneo (Indonesia)	05.80%
West Papua	52.6%
West Papua	82.6%
Sumba	25.2%
Chuukkese people Micronesia	76.5%
Pohnpeian people Micronesia	70% (small sample size)

References

Evolutionary tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
	"Y-chromosomal Adam"
		A00	A0-T
			A0	A1
				A1a	A1b
					A1b1		BT
						B	CT
							DE						CF
						D	E		C		F
															F1	F2		F3	GHIJK
																				G	HIJK
																						H	IJK
																							IJ	K
																						I	J		LT		K2
																										L	T		NO	K2b	K2c	K2d		K2e
																													N	O		K2b1	P
																																	M	S		Q	R
Y-DNA by populations Famous Y-DNA haplotypes