Hasinai
Angelina River west of Nacogdoches, Texas, ancestral Hasinai homeland
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| Total population | |
|---|---|
| (under 5,757[1]) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
formerly  Louisiana,  Texas,currently  Oklahoma |
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| Languages | |
| Hasinai, English | |
| Religion | |
| Native American Church, Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Hainai, Nabedache, Nabiti, Nacogdoche, Nacono, Nadaco, Nasoni (Lower), Nechaui, Neche, and other Caddo people |
The Hasinai Confederacy (Caddo: Hasíinay[2]) was a large confederation of Caddo-speaking Native Americans located between the Sabine and Trinity rivers in eastern Texas. Today they are enrolled in the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma.
Contents
Name
Hasinai is also spelled Hasini. The Caddo word táyshaʼ, meaning "friend," became the name of Texas. Earlier Spanish explorers called the Hasinai Tejas, old Spanish spelling—by Spanish explorers.[citation needed] They are also referred to as Hasini, Asenai, Asinai, Assoni, Asenay, Cenis, Senis and Sannaye.
Government
At the time of the Spanish and French encounter with the Hasinai in the 1680s the Hasinai were a centrally organized chiefdom under the control of a religious leader known as the Grand Xinesi. The Xinesi lived in a secluded house. He met with a council of councilors. The Hasinai chieftainship consisted of several sub-divisions which have been designated "contonments". Each of these was under the control of a Caddi. There was also men designated as Canahas and Chayas who helped the Caddi run the system.[3]
History
During the 17th century the Hasinai carried on trade with the Jumanos at the western Hasinai city of Nabedache.[4] Some consider the residents of Nabedache to have been a distinct people designated by that name.
Historic populations
It is estimated that in 1520 the people who would become the Hasinai, the Kadohadacho and the Natchitoches, numbered about 250,000.[5] Over the next 250 years the population of these Caddoan-speaking peoples was severely reduced by epidemics of diseases inadvertently brought by Spanish and French coming to the Americas and spread by indigenous trading networks.
In 1690 the Hasinai numbered in the vicinity of 10,000 people or a little more. By 1720 as a result of diseases such as smallpox brought by the Spanish the Hasinai population had fallen to 2,000.[6]
See also
Notes
- ↑ 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory. Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 2011: 7. Retrieved 20 Aug 2013.
- ↑ Edmonds 27
- ↑ Gary Clayton Anderson, The Indian Southwest, 1580-1830: Ethnogenesis and Reinvention (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999) p. 44
- ↑ Anderson, The Indian Southwest, p. 47
- ↑ Juliana Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007) p. 20
- ↑ Anderson, The Indian Southwest, p. 57
References
- Edmonds, Randlett. Nusht'uhtiʔtiʔ Hasinay: Caddo Phrasebook. Richardson, TX: Various Indian Peoples Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-884655-00-9.
External links
- The Hasinai Society of the Caddo Nation
- Texas: Life and Times of the Caddo, texasbeyondhistory.net
- Location of the Tribes of the Hasinai Confederacy, 1716 from Texas Tides
- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Hasinai
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