Hebban olla vogala

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File:Hebban olla vogala overview.jpg
Usual reading of text (middle right): quid expectamus nunc. Abent omnes uolucres nidos inceptos nisi ego et tu. Hebban olla uogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic enda thu uuat unbidan uue nu. Rector celi nos exaudi ut dignare nos saluare.
File:Hebban olla vogala fragment.jpg
Fragment from text.

Hebban olla vogala, sometimes spelled hebban olla uogala, are the first three words of an 11th-century text fragment written in Old Dutch. The fragment was discovered in 1932 on the flyleaf of a manuscript that was probably made in the abbey of Rochester, Kent and is kept in Oxford.[1] It is usually considered to represent a West Flemish variant of Old Low Franconian. The fragment is often incorrectly cited as being the oldest specimen of the Dutch language; it is, however, one of the oldest known sentences in western Old Dutch.[2]

Text

The complete text, a probatio pennae or " scribble" by a monk to try out his pen, is usually transcribed as Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic enda thu wat unbidan we nu. This is a word-for-word translation of the Latin sentence written directly above it: Abent[3] omnes uolucres nidos inceptos nisi ego et tu quid expectamus nu(nc). It is roughly translated as: "Have all birds begun nests, except me and you - what are we waiting for?" (Modern Dutch: Zijn alle vogels nesten begonnen, behalve ik en jij. Waarop wachten we nu?)

Comparison to Modern Dutch and Modern English

In this comparison similar Modern Dutch and Modern English words (in form and meaning) are chosen to compare them with the Old Dutch equivalents in the sentence. The Dutch sentence is a correct one, although the verb 'begonnen' is usually conjugated with 'zijn' (be) and not with 'hebben' (have). For English the word order had to be adjusted. For 'hinase' and 'unbidan' there are no close matches in either language.

Old Dutch Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hic enda thu wat unbidan we nu?
Dutch Hebben alle vogels nesten begonnen (behalve) ik ende/en u/jij wat (ver)beiden we nu?
English Have all fowls (birds) nests begun (except) I and thou what bide (= are waiting for) we now?

The form hinase corresponds morphologically to Modern Dutch tenzij[4] ("unless", from het en zij) and does not seem to have a Modern English cognate.

Origin

The text is usually considered West Flemish; the arguments in favour of this view were advanced by Schönfeld (1933).[5] According to his interpretation, *agunnan, hinase and (as he read it) anda are Ingvaeonic forms whose presence might be expected in any of the coastal dialects of Old Frisian, Old Saxon or Old Frankish. However, the -n of third person plural hebban, which is absent in both Old English and Frisian, identifies the language as Old Dutch. (Old High German habent uses a different stem.) nestas is the plural of a masculine nest that is attested in Middle Dutch and is still present in West Flemish. vogala has an epenthetic vocal of a type also found in certain Old Ghentish words, whereas Old English has fuglas. The form olla is the result of a vowel shift a > o before ll that is thought to have occurred in West Flemish at a very early date, possibly before 900. Finally, hagunnan and hi(c) have a prothetic h; according to Schönfeld, this also points to West Flemish, in which the h is frequently dropped or (in the written language) added before vowels (cf. abent in the Latin version).

Various theories

File:Anoniem - Hebban olla vogala.jpg
Wall poem in Leiden

According to professor nl (Luc de Grauwe) of the University of Ghent, the text could equally well be Old English, more specifically Old Kentish.[6][7]

Recently, professor Frits van Oostrom of Utrecht University linked it to the Moorish Kharjas genre, which includes verses sung by women to their absent lovers. He concludes that the fragment was probably written by a woman or from a female perspective.[8]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Shelfmark: Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 340. The MS contains a collection of Old English sermons by Aelfric. The Dutch text is found on f. 169v and probably dates to the third quarter of the 11th century. See K. Sisam, "MSS. Bodley 340 and 342: Ælfric's Catholic Homilies". The Review of English Studies, 9, 33 (1933), 1-12; E. van Houts, "Contrasts and interaction. Neighbours of nascent Dutch writing: the English, Normans and Flemish (c. 1000-c. 1200)". Queeste 13 (2006), 3-11.
  2. ↑ H. Ryckeboer, "Dutch/flemish in the north of France". In: J. Treffers-Daller & R. Willemyns (eds.), Multilingualism along the German-Roman linguistic border in Europe (2002), 22-35, esp. 22.
  3. ↑ For habent.
  4. ↑ INL, Oudnederlands Woordenboek, s.v. hitnesī (portal).
  5. ↑ M. Schönfeld, "Een Oudnederlandsche zin uit de elfde eeuw (met reproduktie)". Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsche Taal- en Letterkunde 52 (1933), 1-8.
  6. ↑ 'Olla vogala' is Engels (in Dutch).
  7. ↑ Luc de Grauwe: "Zijn olla vogala Vlaams, of zit de Nederlandse filologie met een koekoeksei in (haar) nest(en)?" Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde, 120 (2004): 44-56.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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