Henry James Thomas
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[1]Henry “Hank” James Thomas (born August 29, 1941 in Jacksonville, Florida)[2] is an American civil rights activist, and in his recent years, a businessman. Thomas was one of the original Freedom Riders, who traveled on Greyhound and Trailways buses through the south in 1961 to protest racial segregation, as well as performing demonstrations at the bus stops along the way.[3]
Hank Thomas played a large part in the Civil Rights Movement. He was one of the founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), as well as participating in multiple Freedom Rides. In 1965, he served in the Vietnam War as a medic. Injured in battle, he came home with a purple heart.
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Early life and education
Thomas spent most of his childhood in St. Augustine, Florida. He started protesting racial injustices very early in life. In the novel Breach of Peace, Thomas explains that “rebellion came natural” to him.[4] He recalls that at age 9 or 10, he corrected a white insurance man who addressed his aunt using her first name only, not her last. Later on, when blacks were not allowed to check out books in the library, Thomas would take his own books there to read. As he grew up, he participated in sit-ins, and sat in white seats on local buses.[3]
Hank Thomas went to college at Howard University in Washington D.C. Here he was an active participant in the SNCC. His goal for Civil Rights became even stronger as he heard about the sit-in movements going on in Greensboro. Inspired by these movements, Thomas helped to organize, as well as participated in, early movements in Maryland and in Virginia.
Freedom Rides
On May 4, 1961, Hank Thomas joined the first Freedom Rider group. Originally, he was not going to participate, but his roommate, who was supposed to partake in the event, got sick and was unable to attend. Thomas took his place.
Hank Thomas was the first one to make it out of the burning bus. As he made his way out, a man asked “Are you all OK?” Before anyone could answer, the man smirked and struck Thomas in the head with a baseball bat. He fell to the ground and almost lost consciousness.
The rides went as expected until May 14, Mothers’ Day, of 1961. The Greyhound bus Thomas was riding was making its way into Anniston, Alabama. At the time, Anniston had a large black population, a fairly well-established National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) branch, and naturally, “some of the most aggressive and violent Klansmen in Alabama”.[5] Hank Thomas experienced a strange feeling as the bus arrived at the Anniston station shortly after 1 P.M of that day. Before he knew it, the bus was being overrun by a mob of about 50 led by Klan leader William Chappell.[5] The people of the mob were armed with weapons, and proceeded to throw things, smash windows, and attempt to cause harm to the riders of the bus. Anniston police took more time than necessary to arrive at the scene, but when they did, the bus was escorted to city limits.[5] As soon as city limits were passed, the police escorts left, and the mob (which had followed in cars and trucks) came upon the bus again. Two flat tires caused the bus to stop on the side of the road, leaving the riders open to the mob. A flaming bundle of rags were thrown through the window, causing the bus to catch fire. Thomas, as well as the other riders, was only able to make it out because the mob had dispersed when word of the bus possibly exploding got through the crowd.[5]
After the Freedom Rides and the Vietnam War, Hank Thomas moved to Atlanta, which he thought was the best place for black middle-class at the time. Here, he became an entrepreneur, opening up a laundromat with his friend. Afterward, he worked his way up through the franchise business. First, he became the franchisee of a Burger King and two Dairy Queens, and eventually became the franchisee of six McDonald's restaurants.[citation needed] He currently owns four Marriott Hotels, two Fairfield Inns, and two TownePlace Suites.[6]
Thomas was a millionaire by 1991, but even then white banks would not lend him money because of redlining.[citation needed]
Achievements and recognition
Hank Thomas was honored at a Freedom Fighters Appreciation Banquet at the Willie Galimore Community Center in 1992.[7] He is president of the Hayon Inc. Group, which owns three McDonald's franchises in Atlanta, and is the president of Victoria Hospitality Properties Inc., which runs the four Marriott Hotels.[8]
After a while, the crowd was finally broken up by a fuel tank explosion, and warning shots by the police.Just about all the Freedom Riders needed medical attention, but the hospital they were taken to did not give them much help. Genevieve Hughes, another rider, made this statement about Hank Thomas’ visit to the hospital after the incident: “I understand they did not do anything at all for Hank”.
The first Freedom Ride ended shortly after the events in Anniston. Although Thomas was injured, and injected with a sense of fear, he participated in a second Freedom Ride from Montgomery, Alabama to Jackson,Mississippi ten days later. This time, he was incarcerated and served time at the Parchman State Prison Farm. Thomas was soon after released on bail, and on August 22, 1961, he became the first rider to appeal his conviction for the breach of peace.
Thomas is a civil leader, and has been on the boards of the APEX Museum, the Butler Street YMCA, the Atlanta Youth Academy, and Atlanta’s Boys and Girls Club. He was formerly a Vice Chair of the Piney Woods School in Jackson, Mississippi.[8] Now, he serves on the Board of Trustees of Talladega College and Morehouse Medical School.[8] He is also part of the Mississippi Freedom Riders 50th Reunion Foundation, serving as the National Chair.[8]
Hank Thomas received the “Buffalo Soldier” Award from Howard University in 2006. In 2011, he was inducted into the International Civil Rights “Walk of Fame”, receiving the “For my People” Award. He also received the Rabbi Perry Nausbaum Civil Justice Award.[8] In addition, Thomas has received the 365Black Award given by McDonald’s Inc.
To this day, Thomas is still an activist, and is a heavy participant in community involvement. He is a member of the NAACP for life. Currently, he and his wife Yvonne are parents of two and grandparents of four.[3]
External Sources
- Interview Oral History Interview with West Point Center for Oral History. See also www.westpointcoh.org
References
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