Tripura (princely state)

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Tripura State (Hill Tipperah)
ত্রিপুরা / त्रिपुरा
Princely State of British Indian Empire

1809–1949
Flag Coat of arms
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Tripura
1858 map of the Bengal Presidency and 'Independent Tipperah'
Capital Agartala
History
 •  British protectorate 1809
 •  Accession to India 1949
Area
 •  1941 10,660 km2 (4,116 sq mi)
Population
 •  1941 513,000 
Density 48.1 /km2  (124.6 /sq mi)
Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
'Hill Tipperah' in the Bengal Gazetteer, 1907
Neermahal Palace.
Queen Kanchan Prabha Devi who signed the instrument of accession as president of the Council of Regency
Kingdom of Tripura
Part of History of Tripura
Kings of Tripura
Dhanya Manikya 1463-1515
Dharma Manikya II 1714-1733
Vijay Manikya II 1743-1760
Krishna Manikya 1760-1761
Rajdhar Manikya 1783-1804
Ramgana Manikya 1804-1809
Durga Manikya 1809-1813
Kashi Chandra 1826-1830
Krishna Kishore 1830-1849
Ishan Chandra 1849-1862
Bir Chandra 1862-1896
Radha Kishore 1896-1909
Birendra Kishore 1909-1923
Bir Bikram Kishore 1923–1947
Kirit Bikram Kishore 1947-1949
Kirit Pradyot Deb Barman 1978-
Tripura monarchy data
Manikya dynasty (Royal family)
Agartala (Capital of the kingdom)
Ujjayanta Palace (Royal residence)
Neermahal (Royal residence)
Rajmala (Royal chronicle)
Tripura Buranji (Chronicle)

Tripura State, also known as Hill Tipperah,[1] was a princely state in India during the period of the British Raj and for some two years after the departure of the British. Its rulers belonged to the Manikya dynasty and until August 1947 the state was in a subsidiary alliance, from which it was released by the Indian Independence Act 1947. In 1949 it became one of the last princely states to accede to the newly-independent Indian Union.

The princely state was located in the present-day Indian state of Tripura. The state included one town, Agartala, as well as a total of 1,463 villages. It had an area of 10,660 km² and a population of 513,000 inhabitants in 1941.

History

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The predecessor state of Tripura was founded about 100 AD. According to legend the Manikya dynasty derived its name from a jewel ('Mani' in Sanskrit) that had been obtained from a frog. The first king who ruled the state under the royal title of Manikya was Maharaja Maha Manikya who ascended the throne in 1400. The Rajmala, a chronicle of the Kings of Tripura, was written in Bengali verse in the 15th century under Dharma Manikya I.[2] The kingdom of Tripura reached its maximum expansion in the 16th century.[3]

In 1764, when the British East India Company took control of Bengal, the parts of Bengal that had been under the Mughal Empire were taken over by the British administration. In 1809 Tripura became a British protectorate and in 1838 the Rajas of Tripura were recognized by the British as sovereigns. Between 1826 and 1862 the eastern part was subject to the ravages caused by Kuki invaders that plundered and destroyed villages and massacred their inhabitants.

There were troubles in every succession among the Tripura royal family members when the aspiring princes often resorted to use the services of the Kukis to cause disturbances. Thus in 1904 the British enacted a sanad that regulated permanently the succession of the royal family. Thenceforward the succession would have to be recognized by the Viceroy of India representing the British Crown.

Bir Chandra Manikya (1862–1896) modelled his administration on the pattern of British India, and enacted reforms including the foundation of the Agartala Municipal Corporation. In 1905 Tripura became part of the new province of Eastern Bengal and Assam and was designated as 'Hill Tippera'. In addition to the Hill Tippera area, which corresponds to Tripura State, the kings retained a fertile estate known as Chakla Roshnabad with an area of 1476 km², located in the flatland of Noakhali, Sylhet and Tipperah districts; the latter is now mostly included in the Comilla District of Bangladesh.

The last king was Kirit Bikram Kishore, son of Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman, who ruled for two years, 1947-1949. On 15 October 1949 the state acceded to the Indian Union as a consequence of the Tripura Merger Agreement signed by Queen Kanchan Prava Devi who was presiding the Council of Regency formed following the death of the last ruling King, Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman.

Kirit Pradyot Deb Barman (b. 1978) is the son of the last king.

Rulers

The head of the royal family of Tripura held the title of 'Maharaja' from 1919 onwards. Since 1897 the rulers were entitled to a 13 gun salute by the British authorities.[4]

Rajas

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  • 1684 - 1712 Ratna Manikya II (2nd time) (d. 1712)
  • 1712 - 1714 Mahendra Manikya
  • 1714 - 1732 Dharma Manikya II (1st time)
  • 1732 - 1733 Jagat Manikya
  • 1733 Dharma Manikya II (2nd time)
  • 1733 - 1737 Mukanda Manikya III (d. 1739)
  • 1737 - 1739 Jai Manikya II (1st time)
  • 1739 - 174. Indrasya Manikya II (1st time)
  • 17.. - 174. Udai Manikya
  • 174. - 174. Jai Manikya II (2nd time)
  • 174. - 174. Indrasya Manikya II (2nd time)
  • 174. - 1743 Jai Manikya II (3rd time)
  • 1743 - 1760 Bijaya Manikya III
  • c.1748 - c.1758 Shamsher Ghazi -Regent (d. c.1758)
  • 1760 Lakshman Manikya (d. 1760)
  • 1760 - 1761 Krishna Manikya (1st time) (d. 1783)
  • 1761 - 1767 Balaram Manikya
  • 1767 - 11 Jul 1783 Krishna Manikya (2nd time) (s.a.)
  • 11 Jul 1783 - Mar 1804 Rajadhara Manikya II (d. 1804)
  • 11 Jul 1783 - 1786 Jahnavi Rani Mahadevayu (f) -Regent
  • Mar 1804 - 18 Oct 1809 Ramaganga Manikya (1st time) (b. 17.. - d. 1826)
  • 18 Oct 1809 - 6 Apr 1813 Durga Manikya (b. 17.. - d. 1813)
  • 6 Apr 1813 - 14 Nov 1826 Ramaganga Manikya (2nd time) (s.a.)
  • 14 Nov 1826 - 19 Mar 1830 Kashichandra Manikya (d. 1830)
  • 19 Mar 1830 - 3 Apr 1849 Krishna Kishor Manikya (d. 1849)
  • 3 Apr 1849 - 31 Jul 1862 Ishanachandra Manikya (b. 1829 - d. 1862)
  • 31 Jul 1862 - 11 Dec 1896 Virachandra Manikya (b. 1838 - d. 1896) (personal style Maharaja from 24 Oct 1877)
  • 31 Jul 1862 - 9 Mar 1870 .... -Regent
  • 11 Dec 1896 - 12 Mar 1909 Radha Kishor Manikya (b. 1857 - d. 1909)
  • 12 Mar 1909 - 1 Jan 1919 Virendra Kishor Manikya (b. 1883 - d. 1923)

Maharajas

Dewans (Chief ministers)

  • 1850 - 1857? Balaram Hazari
  • 18.. - 18.. Braja Mohan Thakur
  • 18.. - 1873 Dinabandhu Thakur
  • Jul 1873 - 1877 Nilmoni Das
  • 1877 - 1880 Sambhu Chandra Mukherjee
  • 1880 - 1883 ....
  • 1883 Prince Radakishore
  • 1883 - 1886 Dhanajaya Thakur
  • 1886 (3 months) Babu Dinanath Sen
  • 1886 - Nov 1888 Rai Bahadur Mohini Mohan Bardhan
  • Nov 1888 - 1890? the Raja
  • 1890 - 1892 Rai Umakanta Das Bahadur (1st time)
  • 1892 - 1901? Dinabandhu Thakur
  • 1901 - 1905 Rai Umakanta Das Bahadur (2nd time)
  • Nov 1905 - Feb 1907 Shri Ramani Mohan Chattopadhyaya
  • Feb 1907 - Dec 1908 Rai Umakanta Das Bahadur (3rd time)
  • Dec 1908 - 7 Nov 1909 Sirjukta Babu Annada Charan Gupta
  • Nov 1909 - 1914 Nabadwip Chandra Deb Barman (b. 1854 - d. 1931)
  • 1914 - 1915 Brajendra Kishore Deb Barman (b. 1880 - d. 19..) (1st time)
  • 1915 - 1923 Srijut Babu Prasanna Kumar Das Gupta
  • 9 Dec 1923 - 19 Aug 1927 Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman (s.a.) (1st time)
  • 1927 - 1929 Jyotis Chandra Sen (1st time)
  • 17 May 1929 - 1931? Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman (s.a.) (2nd time)
  • 1931 - 28 Aug 1932 B.K. Sen
  • 28 Aug 1932 - 20 Nov 1932 Manyabara Rana Bodhjung Bahadur (b. 1894 - d. 1946)
  • 20 Nov 1932 - 1939/40 Jyotis Chandra Sen (2nd time)
  • 1939/40 - 18 Nov 1946 Manyabara Rana Bodhjung Bahadur
  • Nov 1946 - 1947 Brajendra Kishore Deb Barman (s.a.) (2nd time)
  • 1947 S.V. Mukherjee
  • 20 Dec 1947 - 15 Oct 1949 Abani Bushan Chatterjee

British Political Agents

  • 3 Jul 1871 - Feb 1874 Ambrose William Bushe Power (b. 18.. - d. 1907)
  • 11 Feb 1874 - May 1875 Edward Gordon Lillingston
  • 27 May 1875 - Feb 1876 W.L. Samuels
  • 22 Aug 1876 - Apr 1877 Thomas Edward Coxhead (b. 1842 - d. 1890)
  • Feb 1877 - Apr 1877 James Francis Bradbury (acting for Coxhead)
  • 26 Apr 1877 - 28 Oct 1878 C.W. Bolton
  • 1878 - 1879 F. Jones
  • 1879 - 1882 G. Toynbee
  • 1882 - 1883 J.A. Hopkins
  • 1883 - 1884 H.G. Cooke
  • 1884 - 1885 H.B. Skrine
  • 1885 - 1886 S.S. Jones
  • 1886 - 1888 J.C. Price
  • 1888 - 1889/90 A.H. Collins

Magistrates as Political Agents

  • 1889/90 - Jun 1893 R.T. Greer
  • Jun 1893 - .... E. Geake
  • 1906? J.E. Webster?
  • 1908? - Mar 1910 A.H. Clayton
  • Mar 1910 - Jul 1910 J.E. Webster (acting)
  • Jul 1910 - 13 Jun 1912 H.A. Murray
  • 13 Jun 1912 - 11 Nov 1912 J.T. Rankin (acting)
  • 12 Nov 1912 - 1914 R.C.B. Williams
  • 1914 - 1915 O.C. Puley
  • Jul 1915 - Sep 1919 John Bartley
  • Sep 1919 - Jun 1920 F. Younie
  • Jun 1920 - 15 Jun 1921 B. Corbett
  • 1922? - 26 Oct 1923 J.D. Vere Hodge
  • 27 Oct 1923 - 12 Mar 1926 Arthur Dash
  • Mar 1926 - Jul 1926 N.L. Hindley (acting)
  • 1926 - 31 Jan 1928 J.H. Nelson
  • Feb 1928 - 5 Mar 1930 F.W. Robertson
  • 6 Mar 1930 - 14 Dec 1931 C.G.B. Stevens (d. 1931)
  • Dec 1931 - 1932 N.C. Bose Bahadur (acting)
  • 1932 - Dec 1932 Khan Bahadur Abdul Ghaffar (acting)
  • 20 Dec 1932 - 19 Mar 1934 R.L. Walker
  • 19 Mar 1934 - 9 Mar 1936 E.W. Holland
  • Mar 1936 - Dec 1936 S.N. Roy

Political Agents

These were the agents of the Bengal States Agency of the Eastern States Agency, titled the 'Secretary of the Resident for Eastern States'.

  • 1 Dec 1936 - 19.. G.H. Emerson
  • 1943 - 1946 Alexander William Redpath (b. 1909 - d. ....)

See also

References

External links

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