Vagharshapat

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Vagharshapat
Վաղարշապատ
Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, from top left: Etchmiadzin Cathedral • Gate of Saint Gregory and the AltarGevorkian Seminary • Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript LibraryClock tower • Church of the Holy Archangels • Gate of King Trdat and Veharan Pontifical Residence
Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, from top left:

Etchmiadzin Cathedral • Gate of Saint Gregory and the Altar
Gevorkian Seminary • Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Manuscript Library
Clock tower • Church of the Holy Archangels • Gate of King Trdat and Veharan Pontifical Residence
Flag of Vagharshapat
Flag		 Official seal of Vagharshapat
Seal
Nickname(s): Echmiadzin
Vagharshapat is located in Armenia
Vagharshapat
Vagharshapat
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Country Armenia
Marz (Province) Armavir
Founded 685 BC
Government
 • Mayor Karen Manvel Grigoryan
Area
 • Total 40 km2 (20 sq mi)
Elevation 853 m (2,799 ft)
Population (2011 census)
 • Total 46,540
 • Density 1,200/km2 (3,000/sq mi)
Time zone   (UTC+4)
Area code(s) 0231
Website www.ejmiatsin.am
Sources: Population[1]

Vagharshapat (Armenian: Վաղարշապատ pronounced [vɑʁɑɾʃɑˈpɑt]) is the fourth-largest city in Armenia and the most populous town in Armavir Province, located about 18 km (11 mi) west of the capital Yerevan, and 10 km (6 mi) north of the Armenian-Turkish border. Between 1945 and 1995,[2] the city was officially known as Ejmiatsin (also spelled Echmiadzin or Etchmiadzin, Էջմիածին, pronounced [ɛt͡ʃʰmjɑˈt͡sin]) and is still commonly used colloquially and in official bureaucracy.[3]

Vagharshapat is one of the historic capitals of Armenia and the main religious center of the Armenian people with the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the most important Armenian Apostolic church, located in the city. It is thus unofficially known as a "holy city"[4][5] (սուրբ քաղաք).[6][7]

The 1989 census counted the population of the city as 61,000. The number has declined somewhat since, showing 58,388 in the 2001 census, and 46,540 in 2011.

Etymology and history

Early history

Engraving of Etchmiadzin by Jean Chardin, 1670s
The remains of the 7th-century Cathedral of Zvartnots

The territory of ancient Vagharshapat was inhabited since the 3rd millennium BC. Many sites, such as Metsamor, Shresh hill and Mokhrablur date to the neolithic period. The first written records about Vagharshapat were found in the inscriptions left by the Araratian king Rusa II (685–645 BC), where it was mentioned as Kuarlini (Կուարլինի). The inscription found in the archaeological site of ancient Vagharshapat cites to a water canal opened by king Rusa II, between Ildaruni river (Hrazdan River) and the valley of Kuarlini.

According to Movses Khorenatsi, the oldest name of Vagharshapat most probably was Artimed (Արտիմէդ), derived from the ancient Greek deity Artemis. Later, it was renamed Avan Vardgesi (Աւան Վարդգէսի, "Town of Vardges") or Vardgesavan (Վարդգէսաւան) after being rebuilt by prince Vardges Manouk near the shores of Kasagh River, during the reign of king Orontes I Sakavakyats of Armenia (570–560 BC).

Under the reign of king Tigranes the Great (95-45 BC), the town was partly inhabited by Jewish captives.

In the first half of the 1st century AD, under the reign of the Armenian Arsacid king Vagharsh I of Armenia (117–144), the old town of Vardgesavan was renovated and renamed Vagharshapat (|Վաղարշապատ). In his first book Wars of Justinian, the Byzantine historian Procopius has cited to the city as Valashabad (Balashabad), named after king Valash (Balash) of Armenia. The name evolved into its later form by the shift in the medial L into a Gh, which is common in the Armenian language. Movses Khorenatsi mentioned that the Town of Vardges was entirely rebuilt and fenced by king Vagharsh I to become known as Noarakaghak (Նորաքաղաք, "New City") and later Vagharshapat.

Vagharshapat has served as the capital of the Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia between 120 AD and 330 AD. After embracing Christianity as a state religion in Armenia in 301, Vagharshapat was gradually called Ejmiatsin (Armenian: Էջմիածին), after the name of the Mother Cathedral; the seat of the Armenian Catholicosate, which is considered as one of the oldest religious organizations in the world. As a spiritual centre of the entire Armenian nation, Vagharshapat has grown up rapidly and developed as an important centre of education and culture. The city was home to one of the oldest educational institutions in Armenia founded by Mesrop Mashtots.

The political capital of the Armenian kingdom was transferred to the city of Dvin in 336. Vagharshapat maintained its status as the country's most important city until the fall of the Arsacid Kingdom in 428. The city has gradually lost its importance under the Persian rule, specifically when the seat of the Catholicosate was transferred to Dvin in 452. However, the first manuscript library in Armenia was founded in 480 in Vagharshapat.

In 491, Catholicos Babken I of Armenia, along with the Albanian and Iberian bishops met in Vagharshapat and issued a condemnation of the Chalcedonian Definition.[8]

Foreign rule

View of Etchmiadzin by Russian painter Mikhail Ivanov, 1783
Kurds and Persians attacking Vagharshapat

In 658 AD, Vagharshapat, along with the rest of the Ancient Armenian Highland, was conquered by the Arabs.

The city was briefly revived between the 9th and 11th centuries under the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia, before being overrun by the Byzantines in 1045 and later by the Seljuqs in 1064. In the middle of the 13th century, Vagharshapat became part of the Ilkhanate of the Mongol Empire. After the invasion of Tamerlane in 1387, the city fell under the rule of the Timurid dynasty. In 1410, Armenia came under the rule of the Kara Koyunlu Turkomans who ruled until 1468, when the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans controlled the Armenian territories until 1502. Under the Turkic-Mongol rule, the city was known to the Turks as Uchkilisa (Üçkilise, "three churches" in Turkic).

During the long period of the foreign rules started from 1045, Vagharshapat turned into an insignificant city until 1441, when the seat of the Armenian Catholicosate was transferred from the Cilician city of Sis back to Etchmiadzin.

Between 1502 and 1828, Armenia became part of the Persian state under the rule of Safaavid, Afsharid and Qajar dynasties, with short periods of Ottoman rule between 1578 and 1603 and later between 1722 and 1736.

In 1828, after the Russo-Persian War, Vagharshapat — as a part of the Erivan Khanate — was handed over to the Russian Empire as a result of the Treaty of Turkmenchay signed on 21 February 1828.

In their 1833 book Eli Smith and H. G. O. Dwight described Vagharshapat, then a village, as follows: "It presents nothing but a crowded collection of mud cabins, perhaps 500 in number."[9]

Soviet rule and independence in 1991

Soviet-era World War II memorial

Armenia enjoyed a short period of independence between 1918 and 1920 before falling to the Bolshevik 11th Red Army and becoming part of the Soviet Union. In 1925, the new plan of rebuilding the modern town was introduced by architect Alexander Tamanian. It was finally completed between 1939 and 1943. In 1945, the town of Vagharshapat was officially renamed Etchmiadzin by the Soviet government.

During the 1950s and 1960s, the town has witnessed a massive wave of construction, including residential buildings and industrial plants. By the end of the 1960s, the historical monuments of the town; including the religious complex of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Saint Hripsime Church, Saint Gayane Church and the surrounding area of Zvartnots Cathedral, were entirely rehabilitated.[10]

After the independence of Armenia, the town was officially renamed Vagharshapat in 1995. However, the town is still popularly known as Ejmiatsin.

Demographics

Date Population Note(s)
1830[11] 2,175 the fourth largest in the Armenian Oblast
1892[12] 3,000 overwhelmingly populated by Armenians
1897[13] 5,267 94.8% Armenians
1914[14] 5,755
1926[15] 8,436 99.1% Armenians
1959[14] 19,560
1968[14] 27,100
1976[16] 42,000
1990[14] 60,000
2001[17] 51,280 de facto population
2011[17] 45,232 de facto population

Geography and climate

Map of modern-day Vagharshapat

Vagharshapat is the largest satellite-city of Yerevan and the 4th largest in Armenia by population. It is located to the east of Yerevan in the basin of Kasagh River, in the northeastern extremity of Ararat plain. It is very close to the Zvartnots International Airport.

According to Moses of Chorene's History of Armenia and as a result of several archaeological researches conducted in the area, the most probable location of the ancient city of Vagharshapat is the area of Shresh Hill near Kasagh River.[18]

Shresh Hill or the Kond of Ghugo, as it was called by the local population, is only 500 meters away to the northeast of modern-day Vaghasrhapat, on the way to Oshakan. It is an artificial hill and has a diameter of 123 meters long. It was first excavated in 1870. In 1913 and 1928, the area was excavated by archaeologist Yervand Lalayan. Large-scale excavations were conducted around the hill and the nearby sites of Metsamor and Mokhrablur between 1945 and 1950.

Historically, Vagharshapat is at the heart of the Armenian Highland, in Aragatsotn canton (Armenian: Արագածոտն գաւառ Aragatsotn gavar, not to be confused with the current Aragatsotn Province) of Ayrarat province, within Armenia Major.

The city has an average elevation of 853 metres (2,799 feet) above sea level with a dry continental climate.

Climate data for Vagharshapat
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 34.9
(1.6)		 39.9
(4.4)		 52.9
(11.6)		 66.2
(19)		 75.9
(24.4)		 83.8
(28.8)		 91.6
(33.1)		 90.5
(32.5)		 83.1
(28.4)		 68.9
(20.5)		 54.3
(12.4)		 40.8
(4.9)		 65.23
(18.47)
Average low °F (°C) 18.9
(−7.3)		 22.5
(−5.3)		 32.4
(0.2)		 43.0
(6.1)		 50.9
(10.5)		 57.4
(14.1)		 64.0
(17.8)		 63.5
(17.5)		 54.3
(12.4)		 43.7
(6.5)		 34.2
(1.2)		 25.5
(−3.6)		 42.53
(5.84)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.79
(20.1)		 0.87
(22.1)		 1.06
(26.9)		 1.42
(36.1)		 2.01
(51.1)		 1.14
(29)		 0.63
(16)		 0.47
(11.9)		 0.55
(14)		 1.14
(29)		 0.98
(24.9)		 0.79
(20.1)		 11.85
(301.2)
[citation needed]

Landmarks

Etchmiadzin Cathedral

Etchmiadzin Cathedral, opened in 303

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Main article: Etchmiadzin Cathedral

Historically, the focal point of the town is the Mother Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin, (Armenian: Մայր Տաճար Սուրբ Էջմիածին Mayr Tachar Surp Ejmiatsin) which is one of the oldest churches in the world. Originally known as the Holy Mother of God Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Աստուածածին Եկեղեցի Surp Astvatsatsin Yekeghetsi), it was first built by Saint Gregory the Illuminator as a vaulted basilica in 301–303, when Armenia had just adopted Christianity as a state religion (the first such in world history). The church was enlarged in many occasions, notably in 480, 618 and 1658.

The religious complex of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin

View from the complex

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Main article: Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin

The Mother Cathedral is found in the complex of Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin (Armenian: Մայր Աթոռ Սուրբ Էջմիածին ), the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the worldwide Armenian Apostolic Church and the Pontifical Residence of the Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians.

The main Etchmiadzin Cathedral is surrounded with many structures built throughout the centuries. Most buildings are of great architectural significance, such as the old and new Pontifical Residences, the Chancellery or the Divanatoon, the Gate of King Trdat, Alex and Marie Manoogian Treasury Museum (1982), Khrimian Museum, Yeremian Monastic cells, the old Seminary building, the Clock Tower, the Bookstore, etc.

Gevorkian Seminary is a theological college of the Armenian Apostolic Church founded by Catholicos Gevork IV in 1874 within the complex of the Mother See.

Saint Hripsimé Church of 618

Apart from the Mother Cathedral, Vagharshapat is home to many other important Armenian churches and cathedrals. The Cathedral of Etchmiadzin, the Churches of Saint Hripsimé, Saint Gayane and Saint Shoghakat, and the archaeological site of Zvartnots are listed among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Saint Hripsimé Church

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Main article: Saint Hripsime Church

Built in 618, the Church of Saint Hripsimé has basically survived almost unchanged. It is considered one of the oldest surviving churches in Armenia, known for its fine architecture of the classical period, which influenced many other Armenian churches. It was erected in 618 by Catholicos Gomidas atop the original mausoleum, built by Catholicos Sahak the Great in 395, which contained the remains of the martyred Saint Hripsimé. According to the 17th century Armenian historian Arakel of Tabriz, the church was renovated during 1651–1653 by Catholicos Philip I. Repairs were made on the roof, top of the dome, the walls and bases. A cross was placed on top of the roof, and a small portico was added to the western side. It is one of the few churches in Armenian that remained active during the Soviet period.

Saint Gayane Church

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Main article: Saint Gayane Church
Saint Gayane Church of 630

Built in 630 by Catholicos Ezra I, Saint Gayane Church is distinguished by its harmonious proportions. It is a three-nave domed basilica with an octagonal drum resting on four internal pillars that divide the interior of the church into three. Its design remained unchanged despite partial renovations of the dome and some ceilings in 1652.

Zvartnots Cathedral

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Main article: Zvartnots Cathedral

Zvartnots is a 7th-century ruined circular Armenian cathedral built by the order of Catholicos Nerses III the Builder between 641 and 653. It is at the eastern edge of modern-day Vagharshapat.

Zvartnots was a majestic cathedral famous for its unique design, dedicated to Saint George, built at the place where a meeting between king Tiridates III and Saint Gregory the Illuminator was supposed to have taken place.

In 930 AD, the church was ruined by an earthquake and remained buried until it was rediscovered in the early 20th century by architect Toros Toramanian. The site was excavated between 1900 and 1907, uncovering the foundations of the cathedral as well as the remains of the Pontifical palace and a winery.

Saint Shoghakat Church

Saint Shoghakat Church of 1694

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Main article: Shoghakat Church

Meaning 'the drop of light', Shoghakat Church is a single-nave domed basilica, built and completed in 1694 by prince Aghamal Sorotetsi during the period of Catholicos Nahabed I. It is built with red and black tufa stones, erected on the remains of a 6th-century basilica. The remains of a 4th-century small chapel could be seen at the southwestern end of Saint Shoghakat Church.[19]

Holy Mother of God Cathedral

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Main article: Holy Mother of God Cathedral, Vagharshapat
Holy Mother of God Cathedral of 1767

The Cathedral of the Holy Mother of God in Vagharshapat was built in 1767, during the period of Catholicos Simeon I. It is located north of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, at the centre of modern-day Vagharshapat. It was built on the remains of a 16th-century wooden church. The churchyard was home to a religious school. During the Soviet period, the church remained active and witnessed a major renovation in 1986 through the efforts of Catholicos Vazgen I.[20]

Currently, the Holy Mother of God Cathedral is the seat of the Armavir Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Economy and tourism

Tho town used to be a major industrial centre during the Soviet period. It was home to 4 industrial firms specializing in the production of military technology. However, the productivity of the firms declined after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Currently, the existing industrial plants in Vagharshapat are based on the production of building materials. There are many food-processing plants as well.

Being the worldwide spiritual centre of the Armenian nation and home to many ancient cultural monuments, Vagharshapat is a major tourist destination for both Armenian and foreign visitors.

Education and sports

Gevorkian Seminary, opened in 1874

Gevorkian Theological Seminary is one of the most significant educational institutions of the Republic of Armenia. Other educational institutions include the Grigor Lusavorich University and the intermediate college of vocational education.

The Karekin I Centre of Theology and Armenology is also functioning in teh town since 2000.

As of 2009, Vagharshapat is home to 14 public education schools, 8 kindergartens and 2 musical academies.[21]

"Ejmiatsin Day" is celebrated on 8 October, every year since 2008. According to the old Armenian tradition, Mesrop Mashtots brought the newly created Armenian alphabet to Vagharshapat on 8 October 405.[22]

FC Vagharshapat, the town's only football club, made its debut in the Armenian Premier League as Zvartnots Echmiadzin in 1992. The club was dissolved in early 2006 and is currently inactive from professional football. The Vagharshapat City Stadium located immediately to the south of the Mother See complex, is able to hold up to 3,000 spectators.

International relations

The central Komitas Square

Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin) has been a member of the Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC)[23] since 2007.[24]

Twin towns — sister cities

Vagharshapat-Ejmiatsin has six sister cities:[25]

Famous natives

Group of statues dedicated to the honorary citizens of Vagharshapat
  • Zacharias II (?-1520), Catholicos of All Armenians 1515–1520.
  • Gregory XII (1498–1590), Catholicos of All Armenians 1576–1590.
  • David IV (?-1633), Catholicos of All Armenians 1590–1629.
  • Makar Yekmalyan (1856–1905), composer.
  • Abraham Gyulkhandanyan (1875-1946), politician and historian.
  • Levon Manaseryan (1925), painter.
  • Aram Asatryan (1953), singer.
  • Khoren Gevor (1980), professional boxer.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Zvartnots and the Origins of Christian Architecture in Armenia, W. Eugene Kleinbauer, The Art Bulletin, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Sep., 1972): 261.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ History of Ejmiatsin
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=589
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ http://ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/echmiadzin26.html
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 http://armstat.am/file/doc/130.pdf
  18. ↑ Ejmiatsin: History[dead link]
  19. ↑ Yeghishe.am: Shoghakat
  20. ↑ Holy Mother of God Church in Vagharshapat
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Etchmiadzin: International relations(Russian)
  25. ↑ Sister cities

External links

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