Ottoman dynasty

This article is about the historical royal family. For the territorial state over which it ruled, see Ottoman Empire. For current members of the House of Osman, see Osmanoğlu family.

House of Osman
Country	Ottoman Empire
Titles	Caliph Khan Sultan
Founded	c. 1299
Founder	Osman I
Final ruler	Mehmed VI (Sultan of the Ottoman Empire) Abdülmecid II (Caliph of Islam)
Current head	Dündar Aliosman
Deposition	1 November 1922 (Ottoman Empire) 3 March 1924 (Ottoman Caliphate)
Ethnicity	Turkish

The Ottoman dynasty was made up of the members of the imperial House of Osman (Ottoman Turkish: خاندان آل عثمان‎, Ḫānedān-ı Āl-ı ʿOsmān; Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı). According to Ottoman tradition, the family originated from the Kayı tribe branch of the Oghuz Turks, under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia in the district of Bilecik Söğüt. The Ottoman dynasty, named after Osman I, ruled the Ottoman Empire from c. 1299 to 1922.

During much of the Empire's history, the sultan was the absolute regent, head of state, and head of government, though much of the power often shifted to other officials such as the Grand Vizier. During the First (1876–78) and Second Constitutional Eras (1908–20) of the late Empire, a shift to constitutional monarchy was enacted, with the Grand Vizier taking on a prime ministerial role as head of government and heading an elected General Assembly.

The imperial family was deposed from power and the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 after the Turkish War of Independence. The Republic of Turkey was declared the following year. The living members of the dynasty were initially sent into exile as persona non gratae, though some have been allowed to return and live as private citizens in Turkey. In its current form, the family is known as the Osmanoğlu family.

Ottoman Ceremonial Barbering Cape (detail), early 18th century, Turkey. Each day, the Sultan wore a different elaborately embroidered cape for his daily barbering. Public displays of extraordinary splendor were considered essential to the maintenance of Ottoman imperial authority. LACMA textile collection.

Chronology of Sultans

№	Portrait	Sultan	Lifespan	Reign start	Reign end	Tughra	Notes
Rise of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1453)
1		Osman I ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	b. Unknown d. c. 1323/4	c. 1299	1323/4	—	Son of Ertuğrul and an unknown woman. Reigned until his death.
2		Orhan ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	b. c. 1281 d. March 1362 Aged 81	c. 1323/4	March 1362		Son of Osman I and Malhun Hatun. Reigned until his death.
3		Murad I SULTAN-İ AZAM (The Most Exalted Sultan) HÜDAVENDİGÂR (The devotee of God) ŞEHÎD (Martyr)	b. 29 August 1362 d. 14 June 1389 Aged 26	1362	15 June 1389		Son of Orhan and Nilüfer Hatun. Reigned until his death. Killed on the battlefield at the Battle of Kosovo on June 15, 1389.
4		Bayezid I SULTAN-İ RÛM (Sultan of the Roman Empire) YILDIRIM (The Thunderbolt)	b. c. 1354 d. 8 March 1403 Aged 48/9	15 June 1389	20 July 1402		Son of Murad I and Gülçiçek Hatun. Captured on the battlefield at the Battle of Ankara (de facto end of reign); Died in captivity in Akşehir on 8 March 1403.
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
5		Mehmed I ÇELEBİ (The Affable) KİRİŞÇİ (lit. The Bowstring Maker for his support)	b. c. 1381 d. 26 May 1421 Aged 40	5 July 1413	26 May 1421		Son of Bayezid I and Devlet Hatun. Reigned until his death.
6		Murad II KOCA (The Great)	b. June 1404 d. 3 February 1451 Aged 46	25 June 1421	1444		Son of Mehmed I and Emine Hatun; Abdicated of his own free will in favour of his son Mehmed II.
7		Mehmed II FĀTİḤ (The Conqueror) فاتح	b. 30 March 1432 d. 3 May 1481 Aged 49	1444	1446		Son of Murad II and Hüma Hatun. Surrendered the throne to his father after having asked him to return to power, along with rising threats from Janissaries.
—		Murad II KOCA (The Great)	b. June 1404 d. 3 February 1451 Aged 46	1446	3 February 1451		Second reign; Forced to return to the throne following a Janissary insurgence; Reigned until his death.
Growth of the Ottoman Empire (1453 – 1550)
—		Mehmed II KAYSER-İ RÛM (Caesar of the Roman Empire) FĀTİḤ (The Conqueror) فاتح	b. 30 March 1432 d. 3 May 1481 Aged 49	3 February 1451	3 May 1481		Second reign; Conquered Constantinople in 1453; Reigned until his death.
8		Bayezid II VELÎ (The Saint)	b. 3 December 1447 d. 26 May 1512 Aged 64	19 May 1481	25 April 1512		Son of Mehmed II and Emine Gülbahar Hatun. Abdicated. Died near Didymoteicho on 26 May 1512.
9		Selim I YAVUZ (The Strong) Hadim'ul Haramain'ish-Sharifain (Servant of Mecca and Medina)	b. c. 1470/1 d. 21/22 September 1520 Aged 49	25 April 1512	21 September 1520		Son of Bayezid II and Gülbahar Sultan. Reigned until his death.
10		Suleiman I MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver) قانونى	b. 6 November 1494 d. 6 September 1566 Aged 71	30 September 1520	6 or 7 September 1566		Son of Selim I and Ayşe Hafsa Sultan; Reigned until his death.
Transformation of the Ottoman Empire (1550 – 1700)
11		Selim II SARI (The Blond)	b. 28 May 1524 d. 12/15 December 1574 Aged 50	29 September 1566	21 December 1574		Son of Suleiman I and Hürrem Sultan; Reigned until his death.
12		Murad III	b. 4 July 1546 d. 15/16 January 1595 Aged 48	22 December 1574	16 January 1595		Son of Selim II and Nurbanu Sultan; Reigned until his death.
13		Mehmed III ADLÎ (The Just)	b. 26 May 1566 d. 21/22 December Aged 37	27 January 1595	20 or 21 December 1603		Son of Murad III and Safiye Sultan; Reigned until his death;
14		Ahmed I BAḪTī (The Fortunate)	b. 18 April 1590 d. 22 November 1617 Aged 27	21 December 1603	22 November 1617		Son of Mehmed III and Handan Sultan; Reigned until his death.
15		Mustafa I DELİ (The Deranged)	b. 24 June 1591 d. 20 January 1639 Aged 47	22 November 1617	26 February 1618		Son of Mehmed III and Halime Sultan; Deposed due to his mental instability in favour of his young nephew Osman II.
16		Osman II GENÇ (The Young) ŞEHÎD (The Martyr) شهيد	b. 3 November 1604 d. 20 May 1622 Aged 17	26 February 1618	19 May 1622		Son of Ahmed I and Mahfiruz Hatice Sultan; Deposed in a Janissary riot on 19 May 1622; Murdered on 20 May 1622 by the Grand Vizier Kara Davud Pasha.
—		Mustafa I DELİ (The Deranged)	b. 24 June 1591 d. 20 January 1639 Aged 47	20 May 1622	10 September 1623		Second reign; Returned to the throne after the assassination of his nephew Osman II; Deposed due to his poor mental health and confined until his death in Istanbul on 20 January 1639.
17		Murad IV SAHİB-Î KIRAN The Conqueror of Baghdad ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) غازى	b. 26 July 1612 d. 8 February 1640 Aged 27	10 September 1623	8 or 9 February 1640		Son of Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan; Reigned until his death.
18		Ibrahim DELİ (The Deranged) The Conqueror of Crete ŞEHÎD	b. 5 November 1615 d. 18 August 1648 Aged 32	9 February 1640	8 August 1648		Son of Ahmed I and Kösem Sultan; Deposed on 8 August 1648 in a coup led by the Sheikh ul-Islam; Strangled in Istanbul on 18 August 1648 at the behest of the Grand Vizier Mevlevî Mehmed Paşa (Sofu Mehmed Pasha).
19		Mehmed IV AVCI (The Hunter) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) غازى	b. 2 January 1642 d. 6 January 1693 Aged 51	8 August 1648	8 November 1687		Son of Ibrahim and Turhan Hatice Sultan; Deposed on 8 November 1687 following the Ottoman defeat at the Second Battle of Mohács; Died in Edirne on 6 January 1693.
20		Suleiman II ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	b.15 April 1642 d. 22/23 June 1691 Aged 49	8 November 1687	22 June 1691		Son of Ibrahim and Saliha Dilaşub Sultan; Reigned until his death.
21		Ahmed II ḪĀN ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior Prince)	b. 25 February 1643 d. 6 February 1695 Aged 51	22 June 1691	6 February 1695		Son of Ibrahim and Hatice Mû’azzez İkinci Haseki Sultân; Reigned until his death.
22		Mustafa II ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	b. 6 February d. 29/30 December 1703 Aged 39	6 February 1695	22 August 1703		Son of Mehmed IV and Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan; Deposed on 22 August 1703 by a Janissary uprising known as the Edirne Event; Died in Istanbul on 8 January 1704.
Stagnation and reform of the Ottoman Empire (1700 – 1827)
23		Ahmed III Tulip Era Sultan ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	b. 6 February 1664 d. 29/30 December 1703 Aged 39	22 August 1703	1 or 2 October 1730		Son of Mehmed IV and Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan; Deposed in consequence of the Janissary rebellion led by Patrona Halil; Died on 1 July 1736.
24		Mahmud I ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior) KAMBUR (The Hunchback)	b. 2 August 1696 d. 13 December 1754 Aged 58	2 October 1730	13 December 1754		Son of Mustafa II and Saliha Sabkati; Reigned until his death.
25		Osman III SOFU (The Devout)	b. 2/3 January 1699 d. 30 October 1757 Aged 58	13 December 1754	29 or 30 October 1757		Son of Mustafa II and Şehsuvar Sultan; Reigned until his death.
26		Mustafa III YENİLİKÇİ (The First Innovative)	b. 28 January 1717 d. 21 January 1774 Aged 56	30 October 1757	21 January 1774		Son of Ahmed III and Mihrişah kadın; Reigned until his death.
27		Abdülhamid I Abd ūl-Hāmīd (The Servant of God) ISLAHATÇI (The Improver) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	b. 20 March 1725 d. 7 April 1789 Aged 64	21 January 1774	6 or 7 April 1789		Son of Ahmed III and Rabia Sultan; Reigned until his death.
28		Selim III BESTEKÂR (The Composer) NİZÂMÎ (Regulative - Orderly) ŞEHÎD (The Martyr)	b. 24 December 1761 d. 28 July 1808 Aged 45	7 April 1789	29 May 1807		Son of Mustafa III and Mihrişah Valide Sultan; Deposed as a result of the Janissary revolt led by Kabakçı Mustafa against his reforms; Assassinated in Istanbul on 28 July 1808 at the behest of Ottoman Sultan Mustafa IV.
29		Mustafa IV	b. 8 September 1779 d. 16 November 1808 Aged29	29 May 1807	28 July 1808		Son of Abdülhamid I and Bash Iqbal Nushatzaza (Nüzhet-Zâdāh / Nükhet-Sedâ) Khānūm Effendi; Deposed in an insurrection led by Alemdar Mustafa Pasha; Executed in Istanbul on 17 November 1808 by order of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II.
Modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1827 – 1908)
30		Mahmud II İNKILÂPÇI (The Reformer) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	b. 20 July 1784 d. 1 July 1839 Aged 54	28 July 1808	1 July 1839		Son of Abdülhamid I and Nakşidil Sultan (adoptive mother of Mahmud II); Disbanded the Janissaries in consequence of the Auspicious Event in 1826; Reigned until his death.
31		Abdülmecid I TANZİMÂTÇI (The Strong Reformist or The Advocate of Reorganization) ĠĀZĪ (The Warrior)	b. 25 April 1823 d. 25 June 1861 Aged 38	1 July 1839	25 June 1861		Son of Mahmud II and Bezmialem; Proclaimed the Hatt-ı Sharif (Imperial Edict) of Gülhane (Tanzimât Fermânı) that launched the Tanzimat period of reforms and reorganization on 3 November 1839 at the behest of reformist Grand Vizier Great Mustafa Rashid Pasha; Accepted the Islâhat Hatt-ı Hümayun (Imperial Reform Edict) (Islâhat Fermânı) on 18 February 1856; Reigned until his death.
32		Abdülaziz I BAḪTSIZ (The Unfortunate) ŞEHĪD (The Martyr)	b. 9 February 1830 d. 4 June 1876 Aged 46	25 June 1861	30 May 1876		Son of Mahmud II and Pertevniyal; Deposed by his ministers; Found dead (suicide or murder) five days later.
33		Mehmed Murad V	b. 21 September 1840 d. 29 August 1904 Aged 63	30 May 1876	31 August 1876		Son of Abdülmecid I and Shevkefza; Deposed due to his efforts to implement democratic reforms in the empire; Ordered to reside in Çırağan Palace where he died on 29 August 1904.
34		Abdülhamid II Ulû Sultân Abd ūl-Hāmīd Khan (The Sublime Khan)	b. 21 September 1842 d. 10 February 1918 Aged 75	31 August 1876	27 April 1909		Son of Abdülmecid I and Tirimüjgan Kadınefendi and later the adoptive son of Rahime Perestu (adoptive mother of Abdul Hamid II). Reluctantly allowed the First Constitutional Era on 23 November 1876 and then suspended it and reverted to personal rule on 13 February 1878; Forced to restore the Second Constitutional Era on 3 July 1908; Deposed after the 31 March Incident (on 13 April 1909); Confined to Beylerbeyi Palace where he died on 10 February 1918.
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908 – 1922)
35		Mehmed V REŞÂD (Rashād) (The True Path Follower)|	b.2 November 1844 d. 3 July 1918 Aged 73	27 April 1909	3 July 1918		Son of Abdülmecid I and Gülcemal Kadınefendi; Reigned as a figurehead of Mehmed Talat, İsmail Enver, and Ahmed Cemal Pashas until his death.
36		Mehmed VI VAHDETTİN (Wāhīd ād-Dīn) (The Unifier of Religion (Islam) or The Oneness of Islam)	b. 14 January 1861 d. 16 May 1926 Aged 65	4 July 1918	1 November 1922		Son of Abdülmecid I and Gülistü; Sultanate abolished; Left Istanbul on 17 November 1922; Died in exile in Sanremo, Italy on 16 May 1926.
Republican Caliphate (1 November 1922 – 3 March 1924)
—		Abdülmecid II	b. 30 May 1868 d. 23 August 1944 Aged 76	18 November 1922	3 March 1924	—	Son of Abdülaziz I and Hayrân-î-Dil Kadın Efendi; Elected caliph by the TBMM; Exiled after the abolition of the caliphate; Died in Paris, France on 23 August 1944.

Interregnum period (1402–1413)

№	Portrait	Sultan	Lifespan	Reigned from	Reigned until	Tughra	Notes
Ottoman Interregnum (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413)
—		İsa Çelebi The Co-Sultan of Anatolia	b. 1380 d. 1406 Aged 26	1403–1405 (Sultan of the Western Anatolian Territory)	1406	—	After the Battle of Ankara on July 20, 1402, İsa Çelebi defeated Musa Çelebi and began controlling the western part of Anatolian territory of the empire for approximately two years. Defeated by Mehmed Çelebi in the battle of Ulubat in 1405. Murdered in 1406.
—		Emir (Amir) Süleyman Çelebi The First Sultan of Rumelia	d. 17 February 1411 Aged 34	20 July 1402	17 February 1411	—	Acquired the title of The Sultan of Rumelia for the European portion of the empire, a short period after the Ottoman defeat of The Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402 Murdered on 17 February 1411.
—		Musa Çelebi The Second Sultan of Rumelia	b. Unknown 5 July 1413	18 February 1411	5 July 1413	—	Acquired the title of The Sultan of Rumelia for the European portion of the empire on 18 February 1411, just after the death of Süleyman Çelebi. Killed on 5 July 1413 by Mehmed Çelebi’s forces in the battle of Çamurlu Derbent near Samokov in Bulgaria.
—		Mehmed Çelebi The Sultan of Anatolia	b. 1381 d. 26 May 1421 Aged 40	1403–1406 (Sultan of the Eastern Anatolian Territory) 1406–1413 (The Sultan of Anatolia)	5 July 1413	—	Acquired the control of the eastern part of the Anatolian territory as the Co-Sultan just after the defeat of the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Defeated İsa Çelebi in the battle of Ulubat in 1405. Became the sole ruler of the Anatolian territory of the Ottoman Empire upon İsa’s death in 1406. Acquired the title of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed I Khan upon Musa’s death on 5 July 1413.

Titles

Before Orhan's proclamation of the dynasty, the tribe was known as the Bilecik Söğüt Beylik or Beys but was renamed Osmanlı in honor of Osman.

The Ottoman dynasty is known in modern Turkish as Osmanlı Hanedanı, meaning "House of Osman"; in Ottoman Turkish it was known as Hanedan-ı Âl-i Osman, meaning "Dynasty of the Family Osman".

The first rulers of the dynasty did not take the title of Sultan, but rather Bey, a title roughly the Turkic equivalent of Lord, which would itself become a gubernatorial title and even a common military or honorific rank. Thus they still formally acknowledged the sovereignty of the Seljuk Empire and its successor, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.

The first Ottoman ruler to actually claim the title of Sultan was Murad I, who ruled from 1362 to 1389. The holder of the title Sultan (سلطان in Arabic) was in Arabic-Islamic dynasties originally the power behind the throne of the Caliph in Bagdad and it was later used for various independent Muslim Monarchs. This title was senior to and more prestigious than that of Amir; it was not comparable to the title of Malik 'King', a secular title not yet common among Muslim rulers, or the Persian title of Shah, which was used mostly among Persian or Iranian related rulers.

The Ottoman sultans also claimed the title of Caliph starting with Murad I, who transformed the Ottoman state into a transcontinental empire.

With the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II Fatih (1451 - 1481) claimed the title Kaysar-i-Rûm "Emperor of Rome" and proclaimed himself the protector of the Orthodox Church. He appointed the Patriarch of Constantinople Gennadius Scholarius, whom he protected and whose status he elevated into leader of all the Eastern Orthodox Christians. As Emperor of Rome he laid claim to all Roman territories, which at the time before the Fall of Constantinople, however, extended to little more than the city itself plus some areas in Morea (Peloponnese).

Sultan Mehmed II also took the title of Padishah (in Turkish 'Padişah') (پادشاه), a Persian title meaning "Master of Kings" and ranking as "Emperor", claiming superiority among the other kings. His full style was Sultan Mehmed II Khan, Fatih Ghazi 'Abu'l Fath (Victorious Conqueror, Father of Conquest), Padishah, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Emperor of Rome, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, Khan of Khans of the Two Lands and the Two Seas, Emperor of the three Cities of Constantinople, Edirne and Bursa. He was the first Ottoman ruler to adopt the imperial title of Padishah.

The Ottoman claim to caliphate was strengthened when they defeated the Mamluks in 1517 and annexed Egypt during the rule of Selim I. Selim also received the title "Custodian of the Two Noble Sanctuaries", Khadim al-Haramayn ash-Sharifayn in Arabic, from Barakat Effendi Grand Sharif of Mecca when conquering Hijaz and with it the Muslim Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina. Selim I full style was: Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans of the Two Lands and the Two Seas, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, Custodian of the Two Noble Sanctuaries, Emperor of the Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa, Conqueror of the two Armies (i.e. the European and Persian armies).

In Europe, all Ottoman Emperors were commonly referred to by the title of Sultan, rather than by those of Padishah or Caliph, which had a higher rank than that of Sultan, and were also often informally referred to by such terms unrelated to the Ottoman protocol as the Grand Turk and the Grand Seigneur or Gran Signore.

The sultans further adopted in time many secondary formal titles as well, such as "Sovereign of the House of Osman", "Sultan of Sultans", and "Khan of Khans", these two meaning King of Kings and roughly ranking as "Emperor". These titles were known in Ottoman Turkish respectively as Hünkar-i Khanedan-i Âl-i Osman, Sultan us-Salatin and Khakan (the latter enlarged as Khakan ül-Berreyn vel-Bahreyn by Mehmet II, Bayezid II and Selim I, meaning "Khan of Khans of the Two Lands (Europe and Asia) and the Two Seas (Mediterranean and Indian)".

As the empire grew, sultans adopted secondary titles expressing the empire's claim to be the legitimate successor of the absorbed states. Furthermore, they tended to enumerate even regular provinces, not unlike the long lists of -mainly inherited- feudal titles in the full style of many Christian European monarchs.

Some early Ottoman Sultans even had to accept the vassal status in the eyes of a foreign overlord. For example, Tamerlane appointed in 1402 the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman Çelebi (deposed in 1411), who was styled as-Sultan ul-Azam, Sayyid us-Saladin ul-Arab wal Ajam, Malik ur-Rikaab ul-Umam, Ghiyas ud-Daula wa ud-Dunya, Sultan ul-Islam wal-Muslimin, as-Sultan ibni us-Sultan, Hasib-i-Nasib-I-Zaman, Amir ul-Rumelia (Grand Sultan, Righteous Lord of Arabs, Helper of the State and the People, Sultan of Islam and the Muslims, Sultan son of Sultans, Prince of Rumelia). Again his brother, Mehmed I, who ended the Ottoman Interregnum, also held his post with a fief from Tamerlane; he took the title Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis. However, the vassalage of the Ottoman Sultanate ended with the death of Tamerlane during the reign of the next Ottoman ruler, Sultan Murad II, who took the style Sultan ul-Mujahidin, Sovereign of the House of Osman, Khan of Khans, Grand Sultan of Anatolia and Rumelia, and of the Cities of Adrianople and Philipopolis.

After the fall of the Ottoman dynasty as Emperors of the Ottoman State (Padishah-ı Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmaniyye in Ottoman Turkish), Abdulmecid II (1922) was still proclaimed Caliph with the title Caliph ("Halife", in modern Turkish) by the republican Government of the Grand National Assembly of the city of Ankara on November 19, 1922. However, the Ottoman Caliphate too was abolished soon afterwards, and Abdulmecid II was utterly deposed and expelled from Turkey with the rest of the Ottoman dynasty on 3 March 1924. He officially continued to hold the title of the throne as the Head of the House of Osman ("Osmanlı Hanedanı Reisi", in modern Turkish) until his death.

See also

• History of the Turkic peoples
• List of Turkic dynasties and countries
• Amuca tribe
• Osmanoğlu family, its current form
• Ottoman Emperors family tree
• Ottoman family tree (more detailed)
• Line of succession to the Ottoman throne
• List of admirals in the Ottoman Empire
• List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
• List of the mothers of the Ottoman Sultans
• List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
• List of Ottoman Kaptan Pashas
• List of Valide Sultans
• Tuğra-Sultan's Signature

External links

In English

• Official website of the immediate living descendants of the Ottoman dynasty
• Everything about Ottoman Empire Everything about the history, culture and civilization of Ottoman Empire
• WorldStatesmen- Turkey
• Ottoman Empire - The Family

In Turkish

• Osmanlı Hanedanlığı, Ottoman dynasty
• Osmanlı Sultanları
• Tarihvemedeniyet.org

In French

• Interview with Neslişah Sultan, granddaughter of the last emperor about her family's exile on YouTube

— Imperial house — House of Osman
New Dynasty Empire founded	Ruling house of the Ottoman Empire c. 1299 – 19 November 1922	Vacant Monarchy and Caliphate abolished
Preceded by ‘Abbāsid dynasty	Caliphate dynasty 1517–3 March 1924