Huron Tract

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Huron Tract
Huron Tract Purchase area, located in southern Ontario, highlighted in yellow
Area
 • 1833-1953 2,756,960 acres (11,157.0 km2) of land
Population
 • 685.[2] 1833
 • 9177/20,000 1843 - 1848
 • Not known 1947
 • 0 1950s.[1]
History
 • Origin In 1825 in negotiations with the Chippewa First Nation, and in 1836 negotiated a treaty with the Ojibway and Saugeen First Nation for the land to the north toward Georgian Bay.[3]
 • Created July 10, 1827
 • Abolished December 1953
 • Succeeded by Province of Ontario
Status Negotiated with the Chippewas of Chenail Ecarte, the Ausable River, and St. Clair River for this tract.
Government British
 • HQ Canada Company at York, Upper Canada. Later at Goderich, Upper Canada
 • Motto Non mutat genus solum(Latin)
("Loyal she began, thus she remains")
 • Units Huron, Perth, Lambton and parts of Middlesex.[4]

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The Huron Tract Purchase also known as the Huron Block, registered as Crown Treaty Number 29, is a large area of land in southwestern Ontario bordering on Lake Huron to the west and Lake Erie to the east. The area spans the counties of Huron, Perth, Middlesex and present day Lambton County, Ontario in the Province of Ontario.

The Huron Tract was purchased by the Canada Company, an agent of the British government, to be distributed to colonial settlers of Upper Canada. Influenced by William "Tiger" Dunlop, John Galt and other businessmen formed the Canada Company. The Canada Company bought one million acres (4,000 km2) of land west of the then London district and called it the Huron Tract.[5] The Canada Company was the administrative agent for the Huron Tract.

An Act of Parliament in 1825 incorporated the Canada Company with the Huron Tract settlement objective as its primary goal.[6] The Canada Company received its Charter in 1826, ceased business in 1951 and was dissolved in December 1953.[1] The administration of the Huron Tract demonstrates the uniquely North American tendency to allocate to private enterprise, functions which would normally have been the Crown prerogative in Britain.[7] Nevertheless, private enterprise and the ruling elite never quite separated in the case of the Huron Tract, the Canada Company and the Family Compact being almost synonymous until after the Rebellions of 1837.[1]

Historic origins

Crest of the Anishinaabe people — First Nation people of the Huron Tract
An oil painting by Paul Kane depicting an Ojibwa camp on the shores of Georgian Bay, on Lake Huron entitled Encampment Among The Islands Of Lake Huron

For 5000 years groups of 25 to 250 Huron, Algonquin and the Ojibwa historically used this land as tribal summer homes for communal fishing and hunting. To protect their way of life, the tribes led explorers north along the Nipissing Passageway.[8] The waterways of Magnetawan River were the traditional access routes to Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River. Outside the Long Wood Purchase, the Crown wished also to purchase a larger tract of land known as the Huron Tract. The Chippewas of Chenail Ecarte, the Ausable River, and St. Clair River negotiated with John Askin, then Superintendent of Indian Affairs, for this tract.

Great Seal of Upper Canada. Used on ratified treaties.

The practice of distribution of Upper Canada land through government agencies began with John Graves Simcoe, first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada toward the end of the 18th century. In an attempt to discourage speculation and distribute land according to the prevailing paradigm, Upper Canada was divided into three separate categories: crown, clergy and township. 19 counties where identified with townships contained 200-acre (0.81 km2) lots with concession roads.[9]

While the land distribution scheme of John Graves Simcoe worked well for a few years, the issues of settlement became more complex and required more land. Moreover, the issue of Clergy Reserves became a controversial issue. Efforts to streamline the land distribution process resulted in the private enterprise Canada Company, while the Crown pursued the purchase of more Native land resulting in the Huron Tract among others.[10]

Purchase origins

The Huron Tract consisted of two major purchases by the Canada Company. First, was a sizable tract of land in western Canada known as the Huron Tract; 1,000,000 acres (4,000 km2) over a twenty-year period. The second tract, the Crown Reserves not leased in townships surveyed before March 1, 1824, completed the project.[11] From the land bordering the Lake Huron, the following were selected by the First Nation Chiefs as reserved for their exclusive use:

The Huron Tract townships were:

The inclusion of the portions of land known as the Clergy Reserves were the most controversial and were cause for concern in the colony where the decisions about the Huron Tract had been made in isolation in Britain. The Family Compact and the Anglican Church in Canada led by Bishop John Strachan opposed this inclusion. After much lobbying, the influential bishop was able to return the lands to the Church. One of the seeds of discontent that led to the Rebellion of 1837 was sown in this decision.[12]

Township name provenance

The Huron Tract was divided into 21 townships in 1824. Five townships were named for senior members of the British government: Colborne, Goderich, Hay, Stanley and Stephen. The remaining townships were named for members of the Canada Company Provisional Committee. The exception is Easthope Townships which were divided into North and South, as it was felt that the original division was too large. The original surveys were conducted by Deputy Provincial Surveyor John McDonald, although Goderich Township was surveyed by Deputy Provincial Surveyor David Gibson.

Directors Edward Ellice, Simon McGillivrary, Hart Logan and Henry Usborne, had lived in Canada at various times.[1] Edward Stanley, the 14th Earl of Derby visited Canada in 1824.[13]

The following townships were named for Canada Company Provisional Committee members of 1824.

Conditions of sale for parcels of land

No person, except United Englishmen, Loyalists (on the separation of the United States from Great Britain, those who preserved their allegiance to the British Crown and fled to Canada, were entitled to 200 acres of land each, by Act of Parliament), or those entitled by existing regulations to the Government free grants, can obtain any of the waste Crown lands otherwise than by purchase. The sales take place under the direction of a Commissioner on the first and third Tuesday of every month in the different districts. The lands are put at an upset price, of which notice is given at the time of advertising the sale, and the conditions are one-fourth of the purchase-money paid down; the remainder at three equal annual instalments, with interest at 6 percent, payable on and with each instalment: when this is completed, a patent for the lands is issued, free of charge.[14]

The conditions of sale for land in the Huron Tract were open to interpretation. Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto, an important member of the 9th Parliament of Upper Canada, felt that those persons who automatically became American citizens after 1783 should be required to renounce their American citizenship to qualify as a Loyalist.[15] The opposition, the Colborne Clique, had a different opinion and were able to sway a victory in defiance of the Family Compact and Sir John Robinson's position. This issue is one of many that lead to the Rebellion of 1837. Another issue pertinent to the conditions of sale, was who qualified for the Government free grants and who did not.[6]

Plaque

Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada Plaque. Erected 1929.

Pioneers of the Huron Tract 1828-1928

Commemorating the life work of the men who opened the roads, felled the forests, builded the farmsteads, tilled the fields, reaped the harvests—and of the women who made the homes, bore the children, nursed them, reared them, brightened and ennobled domestic life in the Huron Tract during a hundred years.

Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada.[16]

Related plaques

[16]

Geography

Bruce Trail forest

In 1841, the Huron Tract was 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km2) with another parcel about to be added that would take the total to over 1.7 million acres (6,900 km2). The Huron Tract would eventually total 2,756,960 acres (11,157 km2).

William "Tiger" Dunlop describes the land as loamy, or, sandy loam with a limestone gravel on the verge of the lakes. The whole of the area is characterised as covered with considerable vegetable mold. Dunlop also describes the bedrock as a recent formation of limestone varied with sandstone.[1]

Minerals

Lakeshores featured detached masses of rock of the Serpentine group. Granite in red, silver and gray were visible. Pyrite or fools gold could be seen embedded in clay slate, particularly at Kettle Point.

Rivers

The major rivers within the Huron Tract are:

North Branch of the Thames near Stratford, Ontario
Nith River near Canning, Ontario

Land features

The ecozone of the former Huron Tract is Mixedwood Plains. Although very little of the originally heavily forested area still stand, some isolated pockets of the old forest remain. They consist of eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, yellow birch, red pine, sugar maple, Quercus rubra(red oak), bassword and white elm. Historically, the southwest area of the Huron Tract contained a small portion of Carolinian forest or deciduous trees.[18]

Ellice Swamp[19]
Protected Area
Courtesy of Jane Boyce, Chair Friends of Ellice and Gads Hill Swamps
Name origin: Named with reference to Ellice Township (Ontario)
Country Canada
State Ontario
Region Perth County, Ontario
Cities Milverton, Ontario, Stratford, Ontario
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Biome Forest: Poplar, black ash and silver maple
Geology Serpentine group, granite, pyrite, clay slate
Plants Cypripedium pubescens, Canadian blueberry, Ophioglossum, Eriophorum, Spiranthes, sumac, serviceberry, willow
Animals Golden-winged warbler, white-tailed deer, cougar (also known as puma, mountain lion, or eastern panther), snapping turtle
Website: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/wetlands_and_natural_areas/ellice_gadshill_swamps.htm

A large cedar swamp was located in the townships of Ellice, Logan, McKillop, terminating in Hullett.

The largest area is known as the Ellice Swamp and the Gads Hill Swamp. Both are located between Milverton and Stratford Ontario. Ellice Swamp is 2,504 acres (1,013 ha). Gad Hill Swamp is 1,741 acres (705 ha). Ellice and Gads Hill are primarily owned by the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority; the northern section of Ellice Swamp being owned by the Grand River Conservation Authority[19] A smaller area is known as Hullet Swamp or Hullett Provincial Wildlife Area. Currently the Hullett Provincial Wildlife Area is 2,200 hectares (5,400 acres) along the South Maitland River in the heart of Huron County.[20]

Environmental significance

The former Huron Tract was once home to significant wetlands, swamps and one of the largest deer yards in Ontario. Presently 3.4% of the former Huron Tract is wetland.[18] Ellice Swamp is a Class 2 Provincially Significant wetland. Of other interest in the area are the Class 1 wetland Dorchester Swamp, the Class 2 wetland Sifton Bog and Golspie Swamp.[19]

Conservation authorities

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Robert C. Lee, The Canada Company and the Huron Tract, 1826-1853. Toronto, Ont.: Natural Heritage, 2004. Appendix C pp. 226-233.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kathleen Macfarlane Lizars, In the days of the Canada Company: The story of the settlement of the Huron Tract and a view of the social life of the period, 1825-1850. Toronto: William Briggs, 1896,pp. 17-23.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ ">Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Robert Montgomery Martin, Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire in the West Indies, South America, North America, Asia, Austral-Asia, Africa, and Europe ... of Each Colony with the Charters and the Engraved Seal from the Official Records of the Colonial Office. London: Wm H. Allen and Co., 1839, p.209.
  15. ↑ Charles Walker Robinson. Life of Sir John Beverly Robinson: Bart., C.B., D.C.L., Chief-Justice of Upper Canada. BiblioLife: April, 2010.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ http://www.heritagefdn.on.ca/userfiles/HTML/nts_1_7472_1.html Ontario Heritage Trust Fryfogel's Inn
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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