ISO 259

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ISO 259 is a series of international standards for the romanization of Hebrew characters into Latin characters, dating to 1984, with updated ISO 259-2 (a simplification, disregarding several vowel signs, 1994) and ISO 259-3 (Phonemic Conversion, 1999).

ISO 259

ISO 259, dating to 1984, is a transliteration of the Hebrew script, including the diacritical signs (niqqud) used for Biblical Hebrew.

ISO 259: Hebrew romanization
Hebrew א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כך ל מם נן ס ע פף צץ ק ר ש שׂ שׁ ת ׳
Latin ʾ b g d h w z y k l m n s ʿ p q r ś š t
Hebrew טַ טָ טֵ טֶ טִ טֹ טוֹ טֻ טוּ טְ חֲ חֳ חֱ
Latin a å e ȩ i o ŵ u ° ă ŏ

The dagesh (dot inside the letter) is always transcribed with an overdot: , ġ, ż, etc. The apostrophe (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />׳‎) in the table above is the Hebrew sign geresh used after some letters to write down non-Hebrew sounds: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ג‎<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />׳‎ [d͡ʒ], <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />ז‎<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />׳‎ [ʒ], <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />צ‎<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />׳‎ [t͡ʃ], etc.[1]

ISO 259-2

ISO 259-2 simplifies the diacritical signs for vowels of ISO 259, and is designed for Modern Hebrew.

ISO 259-2: Hebrew romanization – Simplified
Hebrew א ב בּ ג ד ה הּ ו ז ח ט י כך כּךּ ל מם נן ס ע פף פּףּ צץ ק ר ש שׂ שׁ ת ׳
Latin ʾ b g d h w z y k l m n s ʿ p q r ś š t '
Hebrew טַטָ טֵטֶ טִ טֹ טוֹ טֻ טוּ טְ חֲ חֳ חֱ
Latin a e i o ŵ u none a o e

The dagesh is not transcribed excepted in the indicated cases. The apostrophe (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />׳‎) in the table above is the Hebrew sign geresh used after some letters to write down non-Hebrew sounds.[2][1]

ISO 259-3

ISO 259-3 is Uzzi Ornan's romanization, which reached the stage of an ISO Final Draft (FDIS)[3] but not of a published International Standard (IS).[4] It is designed to deliver the common structure of the Hebrew word throughout the different dialects or pronunciation styles of Hebrew, in a way that it can be reconstructed into the original Hebrew characters by both man and machine.

It is neither a character-by-character transliteration nor a phonetic transcription of one pronunciation style of Hebrew, but is instead phonemic from the view point that all the different dialects and pronunciations of Hebrew through the generations can be regarded as different realizations of the same structure, and by predefined reading rules every pronunciation style can be directly derived from it.

ISO 259-3: Hebrew romanization – Phonemic
Hebrew א בבּ גגּ דדּ ה ו ז ח ט י כךכּ ל מם נן ס ע פףפּ צץ ק ר ש ת ג׳ ז׳ צ׳ שׂ
Latin ʾ or  ˀ b g d h w z y k l m n s ʿ or  ˁ p c q r š t ǧ ž č ś
Hebrew חֲטַטָטָה- חֱטֶטֵטֶה-‎ טֵה- טִטִי חֳטָטֹטוֹ טֻטוּ טֶיטֵי טְ
Latin a e i o u ei none

Each consonant character in the Hebrew script is converted into its unique Latin character. ISO 259-3 has five vowel characters, corresponding to the five vowel phonemes of Modern Hebrew: a, e, i, o, u. In addition there is a sixth sign for denoting the vowel /ej/ or /e/ that is written followed by ⟨<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />י⟩ in common Hebrew spelling: ei.

The dagesh forte (gemination in Biblical Hebrew) is transcribed with a double consonant. Non-phonemic vowels are ignored, such as:

  • schwa <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />טְ, which is however transcribed with an underscore (_) between two identical consonants in order to distinguish it from a geminate consonant: <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />יְלָדִים [jeladim] "boys" = yladim, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />הַלְלוּיָהּ [halelujah] "Hallelujah" = hal_luyah,
  • "segolate" vowel (on the second to last consonant an unaccented vowel <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />טֶ, which can also be the vowel <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חַ on some laryngeal consonants, or <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />יִ, etc.) : <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />גֹּלֶם [golem] "golem" = golm, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />צֹהַר [tsohar] "opening, window" = cohr,
  • "furtive" pataḥ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חַ (an unaccented [a] sound before some final laryngeal consonants): <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />רוּחַ [ʁuax] "breeze, spirit" = ruḥ, but ISO 259-3 also allows the transcription with a for non-linguistic purposes: ruaḥ.[5]

References

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  2. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. Search for ISO 259 on the ISO website.
  5. ISO 259-3

See also

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ceb:Sulat Inebreo#Romanisasyon