Indie game

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This article is about a type of video games. For 2012 documentary film, see Indie Game: The Movie. For independent role-playing games, see Indie role-playing game.

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Independent video games (commonly referred to as indie games) are video games created by individuals or small teams generally without video game publisher financial support. Indie games often focus on innovation and rely on digital distribution. Indie gaming has seen a rise in the latter half of the 2000s decade, primarily due to new online distribution methods and development tools. Some games originated as indie have become very successful financially, such as Braid,[1] World of Goo,[2] Flow, and Minecraft.[3]

Overview

There is no exact widely accepted definition of what constitutes an "indie game".[4][5][6][7] However, indie games generally share certain characteristics. Indie games are developed by individuals, small teams, or small independent companies;[5][8][9] such companies are often specifically formed for the development of one specific game. Typically, indie games are smaller than mainstream titles.[9] Indie game developers are generally not financially backed by video game publishers (as these are risk averse and prefer big budget games)[10] and usually have little to no budget available.[4][5][7][11][12] Being independent, indie developers do not have controlling interests[6] or creative limitations[5][13][7] and do not require publisher approval[4] as mainstream game developers usually do.[14] Design decisions are thus also not limited by the allocated budget.[13] Furthermore, smaller team sizes increase individual involvement.[15] Small teams, scope, and no creative restrictions have made indie games known for innovation, creativity, and artistic experimentation.[4][9][15][16][17][18][19] Developers limited in ability to create graphics can rely on gameplay innovation.[20] Both classic game genres and new gameplay innovation have been seen.[17] However, being "indie" does not imply that the game focuses on innovation.[9][21] In fact, many games attributed the "indie" label can be of poor quality and may not be made for profit.[7] Further, indie games do not need to be completely isolated from large publishers to be considered indie. For example, Bastion, developed by Supergiant Games, was published by Warner Bros. Interactive. Though Warner Bros. paid for the distribution and marketing of the title, Supergiant Games refused any funding for development costs, building the game on their own, and the resulting title is considered an indie game by the industry.[22]

Development

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Main article: Indie game development

In order to fund the game, developers can rely on starting a crowd-funding campaign, finding a publisher,[12][23][24] or building community support while in development.[25] Without publisher support, developers generally rely on Internet digital distribution options.[26] Most indie games do not make significant profit.[27]

Indie game development should not be confused with hobbyist game development, as indie developers are generally more product-oriented than hobbyist game writers.[6] Many hobbyist developers create mods of existing games,[26] or work with specific technologies or game parts.[6] Such hobbyists usually produce non-commercial products and may range from novices to industry veterans.[6]

History

The indie game scene started on PCs,[5] where it remains prominent.[19] Indie games became popular via shareware distribution in the early 1990s.[19] However, as technology advanced—especially the transition from 2D to fully 3D gaming—requirements and high user expectations exceeded the ability of a single developer or small team.[19][28]

Indie games saw a steep rise in the latter half of the 2000s.[20] The expansion of Internet allowed games to be distributed online moving beyond retail sales.[29] This allowed for both developers to publish[5][17][19][20] and players to download such games from platforms like Xbox Live Arcade,[5][18] Steam,[26] or OnLive.[30][31] Similarly, developers have access to tools like Adobe Flash.[20] Indie gaming has seen a rise in the latter half of the 2000s decade, primarily due to new online distribution methods[32][not in citation given] and development tools.

Industry

As the mainstream video game industry is comparable to the mainstream film industry,[33] so is the indie gaming industry comparable to the independent film industry.[13][34][35] However game distribution is shifting towards online marketing.[34] For developers, online marketing is much more profitable[20] and more readily available than retail marketing. Although, distribution portals have been criticized for collecting a large portion the game revenue,[16] in 2008 a developer could earn around 17% of game's retail price and around 85% if sold digitally.[20] This also leads to appearance of more "risky" creative projects.[20] Furthermore, expansion of social web-sites have introduced gaming to casual gamers.[5] Nevertheless, there are few examples of games that have made large profits, and for many indie game-making serves as a career stepping stone, rather than a commercial opportunity.[29]

It is argued as to how prominent indie gaming currently is in video game industry.[16] Most games are not widely known or successful and mainstream media attention remains with mainstream titles.[36][5] This can be attributed to lack of marketing for indie games.[36] Indie games can be targeted at niche market.[9][19]

Community

Indie game developers can be involved with various indie game trade shows such as Independent Games Festival and IndieCade.[4][37]

Indie Game Jam (IGJ) is an annual event that allows indie game developers to experiment and present ideas without publisher restrictions.[38] IGJ was founded by Chris Hecker and Sean Barrett[39][40] and first held in March 2002.[39] Each year, IGJ poses different questions about innovation of new settings, genres, and controls.[41] The IGJ was considered an inspiration for later game jams including the Nordic Game Jam and the Global Game Jam (GGJ). GGJ was first held in 2009 with 1650 participants in 53 locations.[42]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ McGuire & Jenkins 2009, p. 27; Moore & Novak 2010, p. 272; Bates 2004, p. 252;
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ McGuire & Jenkins 2009, p. 27; Moore & Novak 2010, p. 272; Bates 2004, p. 252; Iuppa & Borst 2009, p. 10
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Bethke 2003, p. 102.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 McGuire & Jenkins 2009, p. 27
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 McGuire & Jenkins 2009, p. 27.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Chandler 2009, p. xxi
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Iuppa & Borst 2009, p. 10.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ McGuire & Jenkins 2009, p. 25.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Iuppa & Borst 2009, p. 10
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Thompson, Berbank-Green & Cusworth 2007, p. 83.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Fullerton, Swain & Hoffman 2008, p. 403
  41. ↑ Fullerton, Swain & Hoffman 2008, p. 406.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Literature

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External links

ja:同人ゲーム

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