Intermetallic
An intermetallic, also called an intermetallic compound, intermetallic alloy, ordered intermetallic alloy, and a long-range-ordered alloy, is a solid-state compound exhibiting metallic bonding, defined stoichiometry and ordered crystal structure. Many intermetallic compounds are often simply called alloys.
Although the term "intermetallic compounds", as it applies to solid phases, has been in use for many years, its introduction was regretted, for example by Hume-Rothery in 1955.[1]
Contents
Definitions
Research definition
Schulze in 1967,[2] defined intermetallic compounds as solid phases containing two or more metallic elements, with optionally one or more non-metallic elements, whose crystal structure differs from that of the other constituents. Under this definition the following are included
- Electron (or Hume-Rothery) compounds
- Size packing phases. e.g. Laves phases, Frank–Kasper phases and Nowotny phases
- Zintl phases
The definition of a metal is taken to include:
- the so-called post-transition metals, i.e. aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium, tin and lead
- some, if not all, of the metalloids, e.g. silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous solid solutions of metals, and interstitial compounds such as the carbides and nitrides are excluded under this definition. However, interstitial intermetallic compounds are included as are alloys of intermetallic compounds with a metal.
Common use
In common use, the research definition, including post-transition metals and metalloids, is extended to include compounds such as cementite, Fe3C. These compounds, sometimes termed interstitial compounds can be stoichiometric, and share similar properties to the intermetallic compounds defined above.
Complexes
The term intermetallic is used[3] to describe compounds involving two or more metals such as the cyclopentadienyl complex Cp6Ni2Zn4.
B2
A B2 intermetallic compound has equal numbers of atoms of two metals such as aluminum and iron.[4]
Intermetallics involving two or more metallic elements
Intermetallic compounds are generally brittle and have a high melting point. They often offer a compromise between ceramic and metallic properties when hardness and/or resistance to high temperatures is important enough to sacrifice some toughness and ease of processing. They can also display desirable magnetic, superconducting and chemical properties, due to their strong internal order and mixed (metallic and covalent/ionic) bonding, respectively. Intermetallics have given rise to various novel materials developments. Some examples include alnico and the hydrogen storage materials in nickel metal hydride batteries. Ni3Al, which is the hardening phase in the familiar nickel-base superalloys, and the various titanium aluminides have also attracted interest for turbine blade applications, while the latter is also used in very small quantities for grain refinement of titanium alloys. Silicides, intermetallics involving silicon, are utilized as barrier and contact layers in microelectronics.[5]
Properties and examples
- Magnetic materials e.g. alnico; sendust; Permendur; FeCo; Terfenol-D
- Superconductors e.g. A15 phases; niobium-tin
- Hydrogen storage e.g. AB5 compounds (nickel metal hydride batteries)
- Shape memory alloys e.g. Cu-Al-Ni (alloys of Cu3Al and nickel); Nitinol (NiTi)
- Coating materials e.g. NiAl
- High-temperature structural materials e.g. nickel aluminide, Ni3Al
- Dental amalgams which are alloys of intermetallics Ag3Sn and Cu3Sn
- Gate contact/ barrier layer for microelectronics e.g. TiSi2[6]
- Laves phases (AB2), e.g., MgCu2, MgZn2 and MgNi2.
The formation of intermetallics can cause problems. Intermetallics of gold and aluminium can be a significant cause of wire bond failures in semiconductor devices and other microelectronics devices. There are five intermetallic compounds in the binary phase diagram of Al–Au. AuAl2 is known as "purple plague". Au5Al2 is known as "white plague".
Intermetallic particles
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Intermetallic particles form during solidification of metallic alloys.
History
Examples of intermetallics through history include:
- Roman yellow brass, CuZn
- Chinese high tin bronze, Cu31Sn8
- type metal SbSn
German type metal is described as breaking like glass, not bending, softer than copper but more fusible than lead.[7] The chemical formula does not agree with the one above; however, the properties match with an intermetallic compound or an alloy of one.
References
- Gerhard Sauthoff: Intermetallics, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1995, 165 pages
- Intermetallics, Gerhard Sauthoff, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley Interscience. (Subscription required)
- ↑ Electrons, atoms, metals and alloys W. Hume-Rothery Publisher: The Louis Cassier Co. Ltd 1955
- ↑ G. E. R. Schulze: Metallphysik, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1967
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- ↑ S.P. Murarka, Metallization Theory and Practice for VLSI and ULSI. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1993.
- ↑ Milton Ohring, Materials Science of Thin Films, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 2002, p. 692.
- ↑ [1] Type-pounding The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge By Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain), George Long Published 1843
See also
External links
- Intermetallics, scientific journal
- Intermetallic Creation and Growth – an article on the Wire Bond Website of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- Intermetallics project (IMPRESS Intermetallics project at the European Space Agency)
- Video of an AB5 intermetallic compound solidifying/freezing
