Italian military internees
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Italian Military Internees (Italienische Militärinternierte, IMI) was the official name given by Germany to the Italian soldiers captured, rounded up and deported in the territories of Nazi Germany in Operation Achse in the days immediately following the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces (September 8, 1943).
After disarmament by the Germans, the Italian soldiers and officers were confronted with the choice to continue fighting as allies of the German army (either in the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic, the German puppet regime in northern Italy, or in Italian "volunteer" units in the German armed forces) or, otherwise, be sent to detention camps in Germany. Only 10 percent agreed to enroll. The others were considered "prisoners of war". Later they were re-designated "military internees" by the Germans (so as to not recognize the rights granted prisoners of war by the Third Geneva Convention), and finally, in the autumn of 1944 until the end of the war, "civilian workers", so they could be subjected to hard labor without protection of the Red Cross.
The Nazis considered the Italians as traitors and not as prisoners of war. The former Italian soldiers were sent into forced labor in war industries (35.6%), heavy industry (7.1%), mining (28.5%), construction (5.9%) and agriculture (14.3%). The working conditions were very bad. The Italians were inadequately fed or clothed for the German winter. Many became sick.
Numbers of prisoners and casualties
The Germans disarmed and captured 1,007,000 Italian soldiers, out of a total of approximately 2,000,000 actually in the army. Of these, 196,000 fled during the deportation. Of the remaining approximately 810,000 (of which 58,000 were caught in France, 321,000 in Italy and 430,000 in the Balkans), more than 13,000 lost their lives during the transportation from the Greek islands to the mainland and 94,000, including almost all of the Blackshirts of the MVSN, decided immediately to accept the offer to fight alongside the Germans. This left a total of approximately 710,000 Italian soldiers deported into German prison camps with the status of IMI. By the spring of 1944, some 103,000 had declared themselves ready to serve in Germany or the Italian Social Republic, as combatants or as auxiliary workers. In total, therefore, between 600,000 and 650,000 soldiers refused to continue the war alongside the Germans.
The estimates of losses among the IMI vary between 37,000 and 50,000. The causes of death were:
- the harshness and danger of forced labor (10,000 dead),
- disease and malnutrition, especially in the last months of the war (23,000);
- executions inside the camps (4,600);
- the allied bombings of facilities where they worked (2,700);
- others perished on the Eastern Front 5,000-7,000.
At the end of the war, several thousand former IMI ended up in the hands of French, Russians or Yugoslavs, and instead of being released, were kept in captivity for some time after the end of the war.
Ships sunk carrying Italian POW's
- Donizetti, Sep. 23 1943, Rhodes, 1,796 killed.
- Ardena, Sep. 27 1943, Kefalonia, 779 killed.
- Maria Amalia, Oct. 13 1943, Kefalonia, 550 killed.
- Mario Roselli, Oct. 11 1943, Corfu, 1,302 killed.
- Sinfra, Oct. 20 1943, Crete, 2,098 killed.
- Petrella, Feb. 8 1944, Crete, 2,670 killed.
- Oria, Feb. 12 1944, Cape Sounion, 4,074 killed.
