Jakub Świnka
Jakub Świnka (died March 4, 1314) was a Polish Catholic priest, the Archbishop of Gniezno and a notable politician, supporter of the idea of unification of all Polish lands under the rule of Władysław I the Elbow-high ("the Short"). His coat of arms was Świnka.
Life
Little is known about the early life of Jakub Świnka, nor are his parents known. It is probable that Świnka was a descendant of a peasant family from Greater Poland or Silesia. His family started a career in Greater Poland, but with a limited success. It is known that his elder brother Sułek did not hold any official posts while his uncle Jan Świnka was mentioned in 1286 as the castellan of a tiny town of Spicymierz.
Jakub Świnka must have joined the Catholic Church and it is also probable that he graduated from a law school – probably in Cracow (Kraków) or Prague. In the 1270s he was promoted to the post of a cantor of the chapter in Gniezno. For his service to the Dukes of Greater Poland, most notably to Boleslaus the Pious and to Przemysł II he was awarded on January 8, 1294, with the village of Polanowo.
In early 1271 the German archbishop of Gniezno Henry of Bremen abdicated and soon afterwards Świnka was chosen by the chapter as his successor. However, due to strong opposition to his rule it was not until 12 years afterwards when he was officially named the archbishop. Świnka was consecrated in Kalisz on July 30, 1283 and the results of the voting were accepted by Pope Martin IV on December 19 of the same year. The election of a Polish archbishop was seen by the rulers of Greater Poland as a chance to break the links with the Holy Roman Empire and on August 1, 1284, Duke Przemysł II granted the bishops of Gniezno with a privilege to mint their own coins. This strengthened their power significantly.
From the earliest days of his reign, Świnka faced a strong opposition to his rule. The most important issues were the problem of the diocese of Włocławek (to which belonged both the cities of Słupsk and Gdańsk) that was claimed both by the Polish bishop of Gniezno and the German bishops of Merseburg, and the struggle for dominance over the Catholics in Poland between Polish and German hierarchs. The latter problem was seen as the most important, since several monasteries in Lower Silesia decided to break the links with its Polish-Bohemian province and apply for membership in the Saxon branch of the Franciscan order.
To counter the expansion of German language, Świnka organised a synod that took place on January 6, 1285, in Łęczyca. During the meeting, he ordered all priests that were subject to his bishopric to give their sermons in Polish language rather than German. To further unify the church in Poland he also organised a series of synods held every couple of years, which served as a means to control the changes within the church. The synods were:
- Łęczyca, January 6, 1285
- Łęczyca, October 26, 1287
- Gniezno, October 14, 1290
- Gniezno, April 1298
- unknown place, May 1306
- Gniezno, May 1309
As a politician, Jakub Świnka was a strong supporter of the idea of re-unification of Poland, divided onto separate duchies after the death of Boleslaus III the Wrymouth. To unify the Polish lands culturally and oppose the aggressive German culture, he strongly promoted the cult of St. Adalbert of Prague, one of the patron saints of Poland. To further his cause, he tried to diminish the tensions between the dukes of various parts of Poland and the Catholic bishops. This was the case with bishop of Wrocław Tomasz Zaremba and the Duke of Silesia Henry IV the Righteous, whom Świnka wanted to re conciliate.
Jakub Świnka was also a strong supporter of Duke of Greater Poland Przemysł II. Until recently it was believed that Świnka was the main architect of an alliance signed in 1287 by the most notable dukes of Poland of the Piast dynasty, among them Henry IV the Righteous, Leszek the Black, Przemysł II and Henry III of Głogów. However, recent studies show that the ongoing conflicts between the dukes of various parts of divided Poland make the existence of such an alliance highly unlikely.
However, after the congress of Kalisz, held in January 1293, such an alliance between Przemysł II, Wladislaus the Short and his brother Casimir I was indeed concluded. The three dukes agreed to support each other in the effort of retaking the lands of Lesser Poland conquered by Wenceslaus II of Bohemia. Świnka was to become a full member of the alliance, probably responsible for propaganda and gathering support of the Pope and the Catholic Church. On January 12 he was also promised a huge reward if Cracow is taken: 300 golden coins a year from the salt mines of Wieliczka and additional 100 golden coins a year for three years after the victory.
On July 26, 1295, Jakub Świnka concluded his first major political victory: despite lack of papal acceptance, he crowned Przemysł II the King of Poland in the cathedral of Gniezno. Although the ruler controlled only a small part of the Polish domain, he was given a powerful weapon against the Bohemian rulers who also had claims to the Polish throne. Because of great authority of the bishop, the act of coronation was not questioned by any European ruler of the epoch. However, the reign of Przemysł II lasted only 7 months: on February 8, 1296, he was murdered in Rogoźno by the Brandenburgians. Following the treaty Kalisz, Świnka backed up Wladislaus the Short, whom he considered the strongest of the candidates to the throne of Greater Poland and Pomerania, and possibly the only ruler who could reunite Poland and liberate it of Bohemian influence.
Wladislaus assumed the power in Greater Poland and Pomerania, and added those lands to his tiny domain of Cuyavia. However, the struggle against other pretenders (Henry III of Głogów and Wenceslaus II of Bohemia) weakened his rule and finally led to a conflict with the Catholic hierarchy. Świnka broke the pacts he had with Wladislaus and on July 25, 1300, crowned Wenceslaus II as the King of Poland. It is probable that he lost his belief in weak Wladislaus and saw the new king as the Slavic ruler who could be able to group all Polish lands in one hand. However, the new ruler adopted a pro-German position and started promoting Germanised Silesians over Polish-speaking priests and politicians. Since 1304 king Wenceslaus also supported Jan Muskata, Cracow bishop of German-Silesian origin, in his struggle for separation of the Diocese of Cracow from the bishopric of Gniezno, which only embittered the conflict. This led to yet another vote, after which Świnka resumed good relation with dukes of Cuyavia, relatives of defeated Wladislaus.
After the sudden death of Wenceslaus II on June 21, 1305, Świnka yet again supported Wladislaus. It is not known how he reacted to assassination of Wenceslaus' son, Wenceslas III of Bohemia less than a year later. After a short fight, Wladislaus recaptured all his lands in Cuyavia, and then conquered Lesser Poland and Pomerania. Greater Poland, to which the city of Gniezno belongs, was conquered by Henry III of Głogów and Jakub Świnka moved to Uniejów and Łowicz, cities controlled by Wladislaus.
On March 20, 1306, Świnka restarted the conflict against Jan Muskata. This time the bishop of Cracow was not backed by the rulers of Bohemia who lost all their influence in Poland, while Świnka was strongly endorsed by Wladislaus. This led to Muskata being deprived of his post on June 14, 1308. The archbishop of Gniezno resumed his control over Lesser Poland. However, after 1311 there are no mentions of his political activity. It is probable that he retired due to old age and poor health.
He died March 4, 1314 and was buried in St. George's Church, Gniezno. It took another six years than his protégé Wladislaus finally reunited Poland and was crowned as Polish king.
See also
Further reading
-
- Detailed biographies bolded
- Abraham W., Studia krytyczne do dziejów średniowiecznych synodów prowincjonalnych Kościoła polskiego, Kraków 1917.
- Baszkiewicz J., Polska czasów Łokietka, Warszawa 1968.
- Baszkiewicz J., Powstanie zjednoczonego państwa polskiego na przełomie XIII i XIV wieku, Warszawa 1954.
- Bieniak J., Wielkopolska, Kujawy, ziemie łęczycka i sieradzka wobec problemu zjednoczenia państwowego w latach 1300-1306, “Roczniki Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu”, R. LXXIV, 1969, z. 2.
- Bieniak J., Zjednoczenie państwa polskiego, [w:] Polska dzielnicowa i zjednoczona, pod red. A. Gieysztora, Warszawa 1972.
- Długopolski E., Władysław Łokietek na tle swoich czasów, Wrocław 1951.
- Dowiat J., Historia kościoła katolickiego w Polsce (do połowy XV wieku), Warszawa 1968.
- Dowiat J., Polska państwem średniowiecznej Europy, Warszawa 1968.
- Karasiewicz W., Episkopat, jego działalność, wybitne jednostki,[w:] Historia Kościoła w Polsce, pod red. B. Kumora, Z. Obertyńskiego, t. I, cz. 1., Poznań-Warszawa 1974.
- Karasiewicz W., Jakób II Świnka, arcybiskup gnieźnieński, Poznań 1948.
- Korytkowski J., Arcybiskupi gnieźnieńscy, prymasowie i metropolici polscy od roku 1000 aż do roku 1821, t. I, Poznań 1888.
- Kumor B., Kościół w obronie polskości. Działalność metropolity Jakuba Świnki, [w:] Historia Kościoła w Polsce, pod red. B. Kumora, Z. Obertyńskiego, t. I, cz. 1., Poznań-Warszawa 1974.
- Morawski M., Synod prowincjonalny prowincji gnieźnieńskiej w dawnej Polsce, Włocławek 1935.
- Nitecki P., Biskupi Kościoła w Polsce. Słownik biograficzny, Warszawa 1992.
- Pietras T., "Krwawy wilk z pastorałem". Biskup krakowski Jan zwany Muskatą, Warszawa 2001.
- Silnicki T., Gołąb K., Arcybiskup Jakub Świnka i jego epoka, Warszawa 1956.
- Subera I., Synody prowincjonalne arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich, Warszawa 1971.
- Szostkiewicz Z., Katalog biskupów obrządku łacińskiego przedrozbiorowej Polski, „Sacrum Polaniae Millennium”, t. I, 1954. 1925, nr 7-12.
- Tymieniecki K., Jakub Świnka, [w:] PSB, t. X, Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków 1962-1964.
- Zachorowski S., Wiek XIII i panowanie Władysława Łokietka, [w:] Grodecki R., Zachorowski S., Dąbrowski J., Dzieje Polski Średniowiecznej, t. I, Kraków 1926.
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Archbishop of Gniezno 1283–1314 |
Succeeded by Borzysław I |
