James Hamilton of Finnart

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Sir James Hamilton of Finnart (c. 1495[1] – 16 August 1540) was a Scottish nobleman and architect, the illegitimate son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran, and Mary (or Marion[1]) Boyd[2] of Bonshaw. Although legitimated in 1512 while still a minor, he continued to be known as the "Bastard of Arran". As a key member of the Hamilton family, and second cousin of James V, King of Scotland, he became a prominent member of Scottish society.

Rise

File:Craignethan Castle - great hall.jpg
The hall Hamilton of Finnart built for himself at Craignethan Castle

Hamilton was granted the lands of Finnart in 1507 and knighted at a young age in 1511.[1] As a child he joined the king's household and was given gifts of boots and shoes.[3] In 1513 he was accepted as his father's heir, should his father not have legitimate heirs, which he later did.[1] During the winter 1517/18 James was in France and brought back letters from Francis I to Scotland. At the end of March 1518 he returned to France with replies concerning the murder of Antoine d'Arces, sieur de la Bastie and his father's actions against the culprits.[4]

In 1520 Hamilton played a part in provoking the "Clear the Causeway" fight with the Earl of Angus in Edinburgh's High Street. Hamilton and his father managed to escape from the skirmish by stealing horses and crossing the Nor Loch marshes. In September 1526 Hamilton was the murderer of John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox, who had surrendered to the Hamilton side following the Battle of Linlithgow Bridge. On 22 October 1526, Hamilton was made Keeper and Captain of Linlithgow Palace with a legal ceremony involving the symbolic presentation of stones and earth followed by his entry to the palace and the closure of the doors behind him.[5]

George Buchanan wrote that in revenge for the murder of Lennox a groom from the earl's stable stabbed Hamilton at the Pend of Holyroodhouse.[6] Unharmed, at court he was made principal sewer, a noble waiter at the king's table, and master of the king's stables.[7] He was involved in persecution of the Protestants, including his own cousin Patrick Hamilton, who was burnt at the stake in 1528. When his father died in 1529, he became guardian of his half-brother the nine or ten-year-old James, 2nd Earl of Arran, and was for a time the most influential of the Hamilton dynasty, and one of the most powerful men in Scotland.

Master of Work for building royal palaces and castles

Fireplace in Stirling Palace, built for James V by James Hamilton of Finnart, (interior restored 2010)

He was appointed Steward of the Royal Household and Master of Works to King James. King James granted Hamilton with the Draffan estate in Lanarkshire, on which he built Craignethan Castle in 1530.[8] He probably also built Cadzow Castle near the South Lanarkshire town now known as Hamilton.[1] In Linlithgow, Hamilton acquired the site of a large townhouse from his cousin James Hamilton of Kincavill in January 1531.[9]

In 1536, Hamilton supplied James V with equipment for hunting horses, hounds and hawks, and the King ordered Patrick, Lord Gray, who was indebted to the crown, to pay him 850 Scottish merks.[10]

As Master of Works, he was responsible for restorations to the royal palaces of Linlithgow, Blackness Castle and possibly Falkland Palace. His major work was creating the renaissance palace at Stirling for which he was richly rewarded.

File:Blackness Castle South East View - geograph.org.uk - 90.jpg
Some gunloops at Blackness Castle date from Finnart's works

In 1537, the treasurer allowed Finnart the composition fee for the Wardship of the heir of Patrick Butter of Gormo against £133-6s-8d he had spent at Linlithgow and Blackness Castle.[11] This pattern of financing continued, and at Stirling Castle on 22 September 1539, Finnart was given a substantial gift of lands in recompense for his service in completing works at Stirling Palace and Linlithgow Palace, including; Strathaven Castle, Crawfordjohn, Gorgie in Renfrewshire, and other lands made into a barony of Avondale.[12] Finnart's building work continued at Stirling Palace with an advance of £4000 Scots in October 1539, and £300 for works at Linlithgow and Blackness Castle in April 1540.[13]

At Linlithgow Palace, Hamilton of Finnart reconstructed the entrance façade

A later historian, William Drummond of Hawthornden, mentioned an advance of 3000 Crowns in April 1540 for rebuilding a castle on the Isle of Bute, meaning Rothesay Castle, but this is not recorded in the royal accounts.[14] After his execution in August 1540, Finnart left debts for the building work at Stirling Palace. The royal blacksmith, William Hill, was paid for the ironwork and yetts he had made in August 1541.[15] As late as January 1542, Edward Lytall's wife was paid £487 for the ironwork and timber she had supplied.[16] A priest, sir James Nycholsoun, finished off the work at Stirling, which Finnart had begun in May 1538,[17] spending £1459-15s-10d before Christmas 1540,[18] and a carpenter Robert Robertson was appointed master of work to complete the palace.

Fall

In 1540 King James became convinced that Hamilton was plotting against him, although no evidence for this was presented. Arrested on charges of treason in late July, on 16 August Hamilton was tried, convicted and executed.[1] Amongst the charges presented on 16 August, were these, which dated back 12 years, and suggest concerns about the security of the royal bedchamber;

"Sir James Hamilton of Finnart, having been convicted of the treasonable shooting of guns and firing of missiles outside the palace of Linlithgow and from the bell-tower of the same, at the king and the people in his company, both at the time the king came to the palace and when he withdrew from the same, and especially at his lodging place in the same town, the king being personally present at the time of the firing of the said missiles. And for art and part in the treasonable imagination, planning, and consultation, vulgarly called devising, of assassinations, at the time it is said he was with Archibald Douglas of Kilspindie and James Douglas of Parkhead at the chapel of St Leonard near Edinburgh, after the forfeiture of Archibald Douglas, formerly Earl of Angus, George Douglas of Pittendreich his brother, and the said Archibald Douglas, his father, and also during the siege of Tantallon Castle in consultation with the said Douglases, how he would enter by the window near the upper part of the bed, 'the bedhead' (superiorem thori - literally above the pillows), in the King's palace near Holyrood Abbey, and how there he would commit the slaughter of the King. And for common treason and conspiracy against the King, his realm and lieges. Therefore it was given that this James forfeited his life, lands, rents and possessions to the king as his escheat, to remain with him in perpetuity."[19]

After Finnart was beheaded at Edinburgh, James V seized Craignethan Castle, and took the silverwork from the chapel, and this was engraved with the arms of the king's infant eldest son, James, Duke of Rothesay. A chest with Finnart's papers was also brought to Edinburgh, and many of these were destroyed by crown officers.[20] Cardinal Beaton gave money to his widow, as she was his relative.[21]

After his death, Finnart is said to have appeared to the James V in a dream, and declared that he "would shortly lose both arms, then his head." This prophecy came true, as the King lost both of his young sons in 1541, and died himself in 1542. The story was recorded by John Knox and George Buchanan.[22]

Evidence and theories on Finnart's execution

The execution of James Hamilton of Finnart has historical interest as an incident that has been cited as evidence of arbitrary cruelty and greed in the behaviour of James V. This and other aspects of the story were discussed in the History of the Five Jameses by William Drummond of Hawthornden first published in 1655.[14] Another theme, which is based on George Buchanan's History of Scotland, sees Finnart as a close associate of Cardinal Beaton and active in the support of the Catholic Church, would identify his enemies as Protestant interests in Scotland. George Buchanan alleges that Finnart was a judge in trials of heresy, and his account of Finnart's arrest and trial mentions particularly the roles of James Learmont of Dairsie, Master of Household, and James Kirkcaldy of Grange as Protestants with the Catholic Secretary Thomas Erskine of Haltoun. In Buchanan's story these three became committed to Finnart's execution after arresting him on the King's orders. John Knox however merely gives the story of the King's haunting, and writes he would not comment whether the execution was just or unjust.[23]

An anti-Hamilton narrative account written in 1570 shortly after James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh had assassinated Regent Moray, gives an insight into Finnart's execution and his possible motivations. This account mentions that the charges against Finnart were old, dating from just after the departure of John Stewart, Duke of Albany in 1524. As noted in the records of the Parliament of Scotland, Finnart was accused of planning to kill James V at Holyroodhouse. Though this plan was not executed, the writer in 1570 added that Finnart persevered to delay the King's marriage so that the Hamilton family would succeed as kings of Scotland. The Hamiltons were supposed to have hoped the King might die by misfortune without heirs.

Finnart was supposed to have prevented James V meeting Henry VIII of England and possibly marrying Princess Mary and then hindering the King's French marriage plans by leading his ships off-course in August 1536. (At the time, the English ambassador William Howard heard that Finnart was working to arrange the King's marriage to his mistress, Margaret Erskine)[24]

According to this 1570s account, which Cecil noted as an 'Exhortation to the Lords of Council against the Hamiltons,' from that time forth Finnart was in disfavour.[25] The reasons for Finnart's execution remain unclear and some recent writers, such as Jamie Cameron doubt that his role and significance was as pivotal as the author of the 'Exhortation' suggests.[26] Some evidence suggests that Finnart was not unambiguously an ally of the Douglases. Letters written by Douglas agents following James V's journey in France in October 1536 (and intercepted by the English) reported that Finnart was not in favour and that the king had said to John Drummond of Milnab when they were aboard ship; "If I would but once look merely upon the earl of Angus, Sir James would droop; for by the wounds of God, for all Sir James' bragging, the earl of Angus and he never met but Sir James turned ever the back seams of his hose."[27]

Family

Finnart married Margaret Livingston of Easter Wemyss some time before 1529,[1] and had issue:

  1. James Hamilton of Crawfordjohn
  2. Agnes Hamilton, who married James Somerville, 6th Lord Somerville
  3. Grissel Hamilton who married Andrew Leslie, 5th Earl of Rothes in 1548.

A Somerville family history states that James V attended the wedding of Agnes at Craignethan, perhaps on 8 April 1536, but the modern historian Jamie Cameron doubted this tradition.[28]

In addition, James fathered at least ten illegitimate children, to at least three mistresses, Marion Stewart, Elizabeth Murray, and Elizabeth Elphinstone.[1]

  1. Andrew Hamilton
  2. James Hamilton senior
  3. Alexander Hamilton
  4. James Hamilton, junior, (b. 1520)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Scott, Walter, ed., James Somerville, author, The Memorie of the Somervilles by James, 11th Lord Somerville, vol. 1, Ballantyne, Edinburgh (1815) pp.315-6, states Finnart was the son of a daughter of Lord Boyd.
  3. ↑ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 4, 53, 82, 99, 233.
  4. ↑ Hay, Denys, Letters of James V, HMSO (1954), 56-58.
  5. ↑ Beveridge & Russell, ed., Protocol Books of Thomas Johnson, SRS (1920), p.78-9 no.384
  6. ↑ Buchanan, George, History of Scotland, Glasgow (1827), 296, bk. xiv, cap. xxxi.
  7. ↑ Cameron, Jamie, James V, Tuckwell (1998), 204, (appointments in 1527 under the Angus regime)
  8. ↑ Iain McIvor in Apted, Gilyard-Beer & Saunders ed., Ancient Monuments and their Interpretation, Craignethan Castle, 239-261
  9. ↑ Beveridge & Russell, ed., Protocol Books of Thomas Johnson, SRS (1920), p.78-9 no.384, the site was nos. 77-87 High Street, Linlithgow.
  10. ↑ Beveridge & Russell, ed., Protocol Books of Thomas Johnson, SRS (1920), p.28
  11. ↑ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol.6 (1905), p.2, 304.(Finnart had owed for this wardship since 1532)
  12. ↑ Register of the Great Seal of Scotland 1513-1546, (1883), 453-454, no. 2021.
  13. ↑ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol.7 (1907), 256, 302.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 The Works of William Drummond of Hawthornden (1711) 110-112.
  15. ↑ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (1907), 471.
  16. ↑ Accounts of the Lord Treasurer of Scotland. vol. 8, 55
  17. ↑ Accounts of the Master of Works, vol. 1 (HMS0), 227-228.
  18. ↑ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (1907), 474.
  19. ↑ Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, vol. 2, (1814), 362, Latin, December 1540: translation adapted from Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 (RPS) St Andrews University ref: 1540/12/7
  20. ↑ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer, vol. 7 (1907), 397: HMC, 9th report, appendix, on the Mss of Dalyell of the Binns, part 2, (1884), 231, 234a
  21. ↑ Hannay, R. K., Rentale Sancti Andree, SHS, (1913), 108, 122.
  22. ↑ Fraser, Antonia (1970). Mary Queen of Scots. Panther. p. 29.
  23. ↑ Buchanan, George, trans. Aikman, James, History of Scotland, vol. 2, Glasgow (1827), 319-320, (Bk. 14, Cap. lvii): Knox, John, History of the Reformation, Book 1, various eds.
  24. ↑ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5, part IV part 2 (1836) 41, (where the 1836 footnote suggests the James Hamilton mentioned was the Sheriff of Linlithgow, brother of Patrick Hamilton (martyr); recent writers Charles McKean & Jamie Cameron identify Finnart)
  25. ↑ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 3 (1903), 75, attributed in the 18th century to George Buchanan.
  26. ↑ Cameron, Jamie, James V, Tuckwell (1998), 191-227.
  27. ↑ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, vol. 11, (1888), no. 916, ii
  28. ↑ Cameron, Jamie, James V, Tuckwell (1998), 224 n.168: Scott, Walter, ed., Memorie of the Somervilles, vol. 1 Edinburgh (1815).

Sources

Preceded by
Sir James Nicolson
 Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland
1538–1540		 Succeeded by
John Hamilton of Milnburne & John Scrimgeour of Myres
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