Japanese encephalitis vaccine

Japanese encephalitis vaccine

Vaccine description
Target disease	Japanese encephalitis
Type	Killed/Inactivated
Clinical data
MedlinePlus	a607019
Identifiers
ATC code	J07BA02 (WHO)
NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Japanese encephalitis vaccine is a vaccine that protects against Japanese encephalitis. The vaccines are more than 90% effective. How long this protection lasts is not clear but its effectiveness appears to decrease over time. Doses are given either by injection into a muscle or just under the skin.

It is recommended as part of routine immunizations in countries where the disease is a problem. One or two doses are given depending on the version of the vaccine. Extra doses are not typically needed in areas where the disease is common. In those with HIV/AIDS or those who are pregnant an inactivated vaccine should be used. Immunization of travellers who plan to spend time outdoors in areas areas where the disease is common is recommended.

The vaccines are relatively safe. Pain and redness may occur at the site of injection. As of 2015, 15 different vaccines are available:some are based on recombinant DNA techniques, others weakened virus, and others inactivated virus.

The Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system. In the United States it costs between 100 and 200 USD for a course of immunizations.

Efficacy

Randomised control trials on JE-VAX have shown that a two-dose schedule provides significant protection for one year.

History

Japanese encephalitis vaccines first became available in the 1930s. One of them was an inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccine (the Nakayama and/or Beijing-1 strain), made by BIKEN and marketed by Sanofi Pasteur as JE-VAX, until production ceased in 2005. The other was an inactivated vaccine cultivated on primary hamster kidney cells (the Beijing-3 strain). The Beijing-3 strain was the main variant of the vaccine used in the People's Republic of China from 1968 until 2005.

Three second-generation vaccines have entered markets since then: SA14-14-2, IC51 and ChimeriVax-JE. The live-attenuated SA14-14-2 strain was introduced in China in 1988. It is much cheaper than alternative vaccines, and is administered to 20 million Chinese children each year.

A purified, formalin-inactivated, wholevirus vaccine known as IC51 (marketed in Australia and New Zealand as JESPECT and elsewhere as IXIARO) was licensed for use in the United States, Australia, and Europe during the spring of 2009. It is based on a SA14-14-2 strain and cultivated in Vero cells. Another vaccine, a live-attenuated yellow fever-Japanese encephalitis chimeric vaccine known as ChimeriVax-JE (marketed as IMOJEV) was licensed for use in Australia in August 2010 and in Thailand in December 2012.

In 2013, an Indian firm, Bharat Biotech International, developed a vaccine by using the Indian strain of the virus collected from the Kolar district in Karnataka by the National Institute of Virology (NIV). Phase III results of human trials were submitted to the Drug authorities of the Government of India and obtained marketing authorization. It is stated by the representatives of the NIV that the success rate of the vaccine is more than 90% and it can be given to children aged between 1–50 years.