John le Carré

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John le Carré
John le Carré in Hamburg (10 November 2008)
Le Carré in 2008
Born David John Moore Cornwell
(1931-10-19)19 October 1931
Poole, England, UK
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Truro, England, UK
Occupation Novelist
intelligence officer
Nationality British
Irish
Education University of Bern
Lincoln College, Oxford (BA)
Genre Spy fiction
Notable works The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy
The Honourable Schoolboy
Smiley's People
A Perfect Spy
The Night Manager
The Constant Gardener
The Little Drummer Girl
Spouse Alison Sharp (m. 1954; div. 1971)
Valerie Eustace (m. 1972)
Children 4
Website
Official website

David John Moore Cornwell[1] (19 October 1931 – 12 December 2020), better known by his pen name John le Carré (/ləˈkær/),[2] was a British author of espionage novels. During the 1950s and 1960s, he worked for both the Security Service (MI5) and the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). His third novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), became an international best-seller and remains one of his best-known works.

Following the success of this novel, he left MI6 to become a full-time author. His books include The Looking Glass War (1965), Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974), Smiley's People (1979), The Little Drummer Girl (1983), The Night Manager (1993), The Tailor of Panama (1996), The Constant Gardener (2001), A Most Wanted Man (2008), and Our Kind of Traitor (2010), all of which have been adapted for film or television.

Early life

Cornwell was born on 19 October 1931 in Poole, Dorset, England.[3][4] His father was Ronald Thomas Archibald (Ronnie) Cornwell (1906–75), and his mother was Olive Moore Cornwell (née Glassey, b. 1906). His older brother, Tony (1929–2017), was an advertising executive and county cricketer (for Dorset), who lived in the U.S.[5][6] His younger half-sister is the actress Charlotte Cornwell. His younger half-brother, Rupert Cornwell, is a former Washington bureau chief for the newspaper The Independent.[7][8] Cornwell said he did not know his mother, who abandoned him when he was five years old, until their reacquaintance when he was 21 years old.[9] His father had been jailed for insurance fraud, was an associate of the Kray twins, and was continually in debt. Their father–son relationship was difficult.[9] A biographer reports, "His father, Ronnie, made and lost his fortune a number of times due to elaborate confidence tricks and schemes which landed him in prison on at least one occasion. This was one of the factors that led to le Carré's fascination with secrets."[10] Rick Pym, Magnus Pym's father, a scheming con man in A Perfect Spy, was based on Ronnie. When his father died in 1975, Cornwell paid for a memorial funeral service but did not attend it.[9]

Cornwell's schooling began at St Andrew's Preparatory School, near Pangbourne, Berkshire, and continued at Sherborne School. He proved to be unhappy with the typically harsh English public school régime of the time and disliked his disciplinarian housemaster, Thomas, and so withdrew.[11] From 1948 to 1949, he studied foreign languages at the University of Bern in Switzerland. In 1950, he joined the Intelligence Corps of the British Army garrisoned in Allied-occupied Austria, working as a German language interrogator of people who crossed the Iron Curtain to the West. In 1952, he returned to England to study at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he worked covertly for the British Security Service, MI5, spying on far-left groups for information about possible Soviet agents. During his studies, he was a member of a dining society known as The Goblin Club.[11]

When his father was declared bankrupt in 1954, Cornwell left Oxford to teach at Millfield Preparatory School;[12] however, a year later he returned to Oxford, and graduated in 1956 with a first class degree in modern languages. He then taught French and German at Eton College for two years, becoming an MI5 officer in 1958. He ran agents, conducted interrogations, tapped telephone lines, and effected break-ins.[13] Encouraged by Lord Clanmorris (who wrote crime novels as "John Bingham"), and whilst being an active MI5 officer, Cornwell began writing his first novel, Call for the Dead (1961). Cornwell identified Lord Clanmorris as one of two models for George Smiley, the spymaster of the Circus, the other being Vivian H. H. Green.[14] As a schoolboy, Cornwell first met the latter when Green was the Chaplain and Assistant Master at Sherborne School (1942–51). The friendship continued after Green's move to Lincoln College, where he tutored Cornwell.[15]

In 1960, Cornwell transferred to MI6, the foreign-intelligence service, and worked under the cover of Second Secretary at the British Embassy in Bonn; he was later transferred to Hamburg as a political consul. There, he wrote the detective story A Murder of Quality (1962) and The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), as "John le Carré" (le Carré is French for "the square"[13])—a pseudonym required because Foreign Office officers were forbidden to publish in their own names.[16]

In 1964, le Carré's career as an intelligence officer came to an end as the result of the betrayal of British agents' covers to the KGB by Kim Philby, the infamous British double agent (one of the Cambridge Five).[11][17] He left the service to work as a full-time novelist. Le Carré depicted and analysed Philby as the upper-class traitor, codenamed "Gerald" by the KGB, the mole hunted by George Smiley in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974).[18][19]

Writing

Le Carré's first two novels, Call for the Dead (1961) and A Murder of Quality (1962), are mystery fiction. Each features a retired spy, George Smiley, investigating a death: first, the apparent suicide of a suspected communist; second, a murder at a boy's public school. Although Call for the Dead evolves into an espionage story, Smiley's motives are more personal than political.[20] Le Carré's third novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), became an international best-seller and remains one of his best-known works; following its publication, he left MI6 to become a full-time writer. Although le Carré had intended The Spy Who Came in from the Cold as an indictment of espionage as morally compromised, audiences widely viewed its protagonist, Alec Leamas, as a tragic hero. In response, le Carré's next book, The Looking Glass War, was a satire about an increasingly deadly espionage mission which ultimately proves pointless.[21]

Most of le Carré's books are spy stories set during the Cold War (1945–91) and portray British Intelligence agents as unheroic political functionaries aware of the moral ambiguity of their work and engaged more in psychological than physical drama.[22] The novels emphasise the fallibility of Western democracy and of the secret services protecting it, often implying the possibility of east–west moral equivalence.[22] They experience little of the violence typically encountered in action thrillers and have very little recourse to gadgets. Much of the conflict is internal, rather than external and visible.[22] The recurring character George Smiley, who plays a central role in five novels and appears as a supporting character in four more, was written as an "antidote" to James Bond, a character le Carré called "an international gangster" rather than a spy and whom he felt should be excluded from the canon of espionage literature.[23] In contrast, he intended Smiley, who is an overweight, bespectacled bureaucrat who uses cunning and manipulation to achieve his ends, as an accurate depiction of a spy.[24]

Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy, and Smiley's People (The Karla trilogy) brought Smiley back as the central figure in a sprawling espionage saga depicting his efforts first to root out a mole in the Circus and then to entrap his Soviet rival and counterpart, code-named Karla. The trilogy was originally meant to be a long-running series that would find Smiley dispatching agents after Karla all around the world. Following the success of the BBC adaptation of Tinker Tailor, le Carré no longer felt that he could properly write Smiley, feeling that he had gone from a literary character to an English icon.[25] Smiley's People marked the last time Smiley featured as the central character in a le Carré story, although he brought the character back in The Secret Pilgrim[26] and A Legacy of Spies.[27]

A Perfect Spy (1986), which chronicles the boyhood moral education of Magnus Pym and how it leads to his becoming a spy, is the author's most autobiographical espionage novel, reflecting the boy's very close relationship with his con-man father.[28] Biographer Lynndianne Beene describes the novelist's own father, Ronnie Cornwell, as "an epic con man of little education, immense charm, extravagant tastes, but no social values".[3][29] Le Carré reflected that "writing A Perfect Spy is probably what a very wise shrink would have advised".[30] He later wrote a semi-autobiographical work, The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971), as the story of a man's midlife existential crisis.[31]

With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, le Carré's writing shifted to portrayal of the new multilateral world. His first completely post-Cold War novel, The Night Manager (1993), deals with drug and arms smuggling in the murky world of Latin American drug lords, shady Caribbean banking entities, and western officials who look the other way.[32][33]

As a journalist, le Carré wrote The Unbearable Peace (1991), a nonfiction account of Brigadier Jean-Louis Jeanmaire (1911–1992), the Swiss Army officer who spied for the Soviet Union from 1962 until 1975.[34]

In 2009, he donated the short story "The King Who Never Spoke" to the Oxfam "Ox-Tales" project, which included it in the project's Fire volume.[35]

In a September 2010 TV interview with Jon Snow of Channel 4 News, le Carré remarked of his own writing style that, since the facts that inform his work were widely known, he felt it was his job to put them into a context that made them believable to the reader.[36]

Credited under his pen name, le Carré appears as an extra in the 2011 film version of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, among the guests at the Christmas party in several flashback scenes. He records a number of incidents from his period as a diplomat in his autobiographical work, The Pigeon Tunnel. Stories from My Life (2016), which include escorting six visiting German parliamentarians to a London brothel[37] and translating at a meeting between a senior German politician and Harold Macmillan.[38]

Politics

Le Carré feuded with Salman Rushdie over The Satanic Verses, stating that "nobody has a God-given right to insult a great religion and be published with impunity".[39]

In January 2003, two months prior to the invasion, The Times published le Carré's essay "The United States Has Gone Mad" criticising the buildup to the Iraq War and President George W. Bush's response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, calling it "worse than McCarthyism, worse than the Bay of Pigs and in the long term potentially more disastrous than the Vietnam War" and "beyond anything Osama bin Laden could have hoped for in his nastiest dreams".[40] Le Carré contributed it to a volume of political essays titled Not One More Death (2006). Other contributors include Richard Dawkins, Brian Eno, Michel Faber, Harold Pinter, and Haifa Zangana.[41][42]

In 2017, le Carré expressed concerns over the future of liberal democracy, saying "I think of all things that were happening across Europe in the 1930s, in Spain, in Japan, obviously in Germany. To me, these are absolutely comparable signs of the rise of fascism and it's contagious, it's infectious. Fascism is up and running in Poland and Hungary. There's an encouragement about".[43] He later wrote that the end of the Cold War had left the West without a coherent ideology, in contrast to the "notion of individual freedom, of inclusiveness, of tolerance – all of that we called anti-communism" prevailing during that time.[44]

Le Carré opposed both U.S. President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin, arguing that their desire to seek or maintain their countries' superpower status caused an impulse "for oligarchy, the dismissal of the truth, the contempt, actually, for the electorate and for the democratic system."[45] Le Carré compared Trump's tendency to dismiss the media as "fake news" to the Nazi book burnings, and wrote that the United States is "heading straight down the road to institutional racism and neo-fascism."[46][47] In his final novel Agent Running in the Field he wrote that Putin was a "fifth-rate spy" who "interpreted all life in terms of konspiratsia" and ruled Russia with a "gang of unrepentant Stalinists." The novel also criticizes Trump's foreign policy as subservient to Russia and faults the British government for continuing to cooperate with the United States under his presidency; one of the novel's characters referred to Trump as "Putin's shithouse cleaner" who "does everything for little Vladi that little Vladi can’t do for himself: pisses on European unity, pisses on human rights, pisses on NATO. Assures us that Crimea and Ukraine belong to the Holy Russian Empire, the Middle East belongs to the Jews and the Saudis, and to hell with the world order."[48] He later reiterated that he believed the novel's plotline, involving the U.S. and British intelligence services colluding to subvert the European Union, to be "horribly possible."[47]

Le Carré was an outspoken advocate of European integration and was sharply critical of Brexit.[49] Le Carré accused right-wing politicians such as Boris Johnson, Dominic Cummings, and Nigel Farage of promoting a nationalist nostalgia for the class system, World War II, and the British Empire, writing "What really scares me about nostalgia is that it's become a political weapon. Politicians are creating a nostalgia for an England that never existed, and selling it, really, as something we could return to."[47][50] On the other hand he wrote that in the Labour Party "they have this Leninist element and they have this huge appetite to level society." He identified his own political beliefs as "compassionate conservatism," noting "If you do it from the left you will seem to be acting out of resentment; do it from the right and it looks like good social organisation."[47] In 2019 Le Carré wrote, "I think my own ties to England were hugely loosened over the last few years. And it’s a kind of liberation, if a sad kind."[47]

Interviews

In February 1999, le Carré was the guest in an episode of BBC Radio 4's Bookclub broadcast with presenter James Naughtie and an audience in Penzance.[51] In October 2008, a television interview on BBC Four was broadcast, in which Mark Lawson asked him to name a "Best of le Carré" list of books; the novelist answered: The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Tailor of Panama and The Constant Gardener.[52]

In September 2010, le Carré was interviewed at his house in Cornwall by the journalist Jon Snow for Channel 4 News. The conversation involved several topics: his writing career generally and processes adopted for writing (specifically about his latest book, Our Kind of Traitor, involving Russia and its current global influences, financial and political); his SIS career, discussing why – both personally and more generally – one did such a job then, as compared to now; and how the earlier fight against communism had now moved to the hugely negative effects of certain aspects of excessive capitalism. During the interview he said that it would be his last UK television interview. While reticent about his exact reasons, those he was willing to cite were that of slight self-loathing (which he considered most people feel), a distaste for showing off (he felt that writing necessarily involved a lot of this anyway) and an unwillingness to breach what he felt was the necessarily solitary nature of the writer's work. He was also wary of wasting writing time and dissipating his talent in social success, having seen this happen to many talented writers, to what he felt was the detriment of their later work.[53]

A week after this appearance, le Carré was interviewed for the TV show Democracy Now! in the United States. He told the interviewer, Amy Goodman, "This is the last book about which I intend to give interviews. That isn't because I'm in any sense retiring. I've found that, actually, I've said everything I really want to say, outside my books. I would just like—I'm in wonderful shape. I'm entering my eightieth year. I just want to devote myself entirely to writing and not to this particular art form of conversation."[54][55]

The December 2010 Channel 4 broadcast John Le Carre: A Life Unmasked was described as his "most candid" television interview.[56]

Le Carré was interviewed at the Hay on Wye festival on 26 May 2013. The video of the event was offered for sale by le Carré to raise money to keep Hay Library open.[57] Le Carré appeared on 60 Minutes with Steve Kroft in September 2017.[58][59] When interviewed by Marian Finucane on RTÉ Radio 1 on 26 October 2019, le Carré stated that he had taken an Irish passport; qualifying through his grandmother Olive Wolfe who was born in Rosscarbery.[60]

Personal life

In 1954, Cornwell married Alison Ann Veronica Sharp; they had three sons—Simon, Stephen and Timothy[4]—and divorced in 1971.[1] In 1972, Cornwell married Valérie Jane Eustace, a book editor with Hodder & Stoughton;[61] they had one son, Nicholas, who writes as Nick Harkaway.[62] Le Carré lived in St Buryan, Cornwall, for more than 40 years; he owned a mile of cliff near Land's End.[63]

Le Carré died from pneumonia at Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, on 12 December 2020, at age 89.[64][65]

Bibliography

Novels

George Smiley and related novels

George Smiley collections

Semi-autobiographical

Standalone

Short stories

Non-fiction

Screenplays

Source(s):[73]

Executive producer

Source(s):[73]

Actor

Source(s):[73]

Adaptations

After many years of working with various producers who made film adaptations of his novels, two of Cornwell's sons, Simon and Stephen, founded the production company The Ink Factory in 2010. This was to produce adaptations of his works as well as other film productions. The Ink Factory has produced the films A Most Wanted Man and Our Kind of Traitor, and the TV series The Night Manager and The Little Drummer Girl.[79]

Film

Source(s):[73]

Radio

  • The Russia House (1994), BBC Radio 4, featuring Tom Baker as Barley Blair[82]
  • The Complete Smiley (2009–2010) BBC Radio 4, an eight-part radio-play series, based on the novels featuring George Smiley, commencing with Call for the Dead, broadcast on 23 May 2009, with Simon Russell Beale as George Smiley, and concluding with The Secret Pilgrim in June 2010[83]
  • A Delicate Truth (May 2013), BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime, recorded by Damian Lewis[84]
  • Abridged excerpts from The Pigeon Tunnel, broadcast as BBC Radio 4's Book of the Week, commencing on 12 September 2016[85]

Television

Source(s):[73]

Archive

In 2010, le Carré donated his literary archive to the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The initial 85 boxes of material deposited included handwritten drafts of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and The Constant Gardener. The library hosted a public display of these and other items to mark World Book Day in March 2011.[87][88]

Awards

In 1998, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Letters) from the University of Bath.[89] In 2008 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Bern. In 2012, he was awarded the Degree of Doctor of Letters, honoris causa, by the University of Oxford.[90]

In 1964, le Carré won the Somerset Maugham Award (established to enable British writers younger than 35 to enrich their writing by spending time abroad).[91][92]

In 2008, The Times ranked him 22nd on its list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".[93]

In 2011, he won the Goethe Medal, a yearly prize given by the Goethe Institute.[94]

He won the Olof Palme Prize in 2020 and donated the US$100,000 winnings to Médecins Sans Frontières.[95]

Awards and honours

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References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Debrett's People of Today, "Le Carre – John (pen name of David John Moore Cornwell)," 1 November 2000
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  21. le Carré, John. Forward to The Looking Glass War. Penguin Publishing March 2013
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  25. le Carré, John (2011). Introduction to Smiley's People. Penguin Books Reprint edition. ISBN 978-0143119777
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  51. "John Le Carré" Archived 10 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Bookclub, Radio Four, February 1999.
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  53. Le Carré betrayed by 'bad lot' spy Kim Philby Archived 8 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Channel 4 News. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
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  56. John Le Carre: A Life Unmasked Archived 22 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Channel 4, December 2010
  57. Hay Festival Interview with le Carré and Philippe Sands Archived 3 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine (1 hr 40 mins), 31 May 2013.
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Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. ISBN 0-312-21482-0 (HB), ISBN 0-312-23881-9 (PB).
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External links