Kaitangata, New Zealand
Kaitangata is a town near the coast of South Otago, New Zealand, on the left bank of the Clutha River ten kilometres south east of Balclutha. The town is known to its residents simply as Kai.
Contents
Location
The town sits close to the coast on one of the branches of the Clutha River's delta. The small island of Inch Clutha lies immediately to the southwest of the town. Close to the town to the north lies the small Lake Tuakitoto, which drains into the Clutha via a small stream which runs to the west of Kaitangata.
Demographics
In 1863 there were only 29 eligible voters in the wider district, which included Inch Clutha and Matau.[1] By 1865 the population for the wider area was given as 403 males and 253 females - a total of 656.[2] Considerable expansion took place with the arrival of rail and the local population sought to have the town proclaimed a Municipality in July 1878.[3] Kaitangata was within Bruce County at the time.
According to the 2006 census, the usually resident population of Kaitangata was 810, an increase of 21 since 2001. 50 years earlier in 1956 the population was 1,286. The town is largely of European descent, with well below the national average of people recorded as being non-European (7.1%).
Transport
Initially access to Kaitangata was by boat up the Clutha River. When road access was being improved at considerable expense in 1862 there was opposition in favour of a steamer service on the river.[4] In 1862 the town was described as a port of entry with a customs house.[5]
Road access remained problematic up until the mid-1870s due to poor construction and surface flooding.[6] A rail link (the Kaitangata Line) to the South Island Main Trunk was constructed in 1875, primarily for moving coal. Prior to the construction of the line, the coal had been shipped down the Clutha River.
Origins
Name
The origin of the town's Māori name is uncertain. It is the name of a figure in Polynesian mythology, but could also refer to cannibal feasts held after tribal fighting in the district between Kāi Tahu and Kāti Mamoe. The name can be interpreted from Māori to English as, 'food for people' or 'people for food'. After the mining disaster in 1879 a local newspaper commented pointed out the meaning of the name and its appropriateness in the circumstances.[7]
European settlement
With the arrival of Europeans, in 1847 the area of land known as the Otago Block, lying between the Clutha and the Tokomairiro Rivers, was surveyed by a party that consisted of Joseph Thomas, R J Harrison, and Charles Henry Kettle, surveyor. The surveyors identified the present location of Kaitangata as suitable for a village on their map. When Europeans settled in the area through the early 1850s, sheep and dairy farming were started. The town's first settler in 1855 was John Lovell.
Coal had been discovered in the nearby area in 1844 by Frederick Tuckett at Coal Point, but access meant that it mining did not commence until the late 1850s. At Kaitangata mining began in 1862 just after the township commenced with the sale of its first 40 sections in 28 February 1862.[8] In August 25 sections were sold in the township for an average of £14 per section.[9] The Presbyterian Church acquired a site for a church in late 1862.[10] Mr James Kirkland was the first Minister appointed on 10 September 1863.[11] The town by 1862 had a customs house, a police station, and stores, and by 1863 a resident magistrate. Andrew Chapman was the first Post Master, appointed on the 15 September 1863.[12] Chapman was later adjudged bankrupt because he was not a competent businessman and a new Post Master was appointed on 1 February 1865.[13]
A primary school was established in 1866 and its roll reached 50 pupils in April 1873.[14][15] Flax mills were opened in early 1870.[16] In November 1870 a Volunteer Unit, part of the No 1 Clutha Rifles, was formed.[17] A saw mill had been established sometime before 1872. In 1873 a town library was commenced.[18] Cheese manufacturing was commenced. A minor property boom occurred in 1875-1876 with the arrival of rail in the town with section selling anywhere up to ₤100 by June 1876.[19][20] The telegraph arrived some time in 1877 and a new Presbyterian Church opened in October that year.[21]
Clubs and Societies
A cricket club was formed by January 1864.[22] The Ancient Order of Oddfellows was established in September 1865.[23] A Temperance Society was set up in 1871.[24] By 1877 there was a football club.[25]
Coal Mining
An initial report on coal in the nearby area at Coal Point was carried out by J G Lewis in 1859.[26] This was followed by Dr Hector's survey of the coal fields from 1862-1864 and his report was published in June 1864. In it he identified the area around Kaitangata as being suitable of coal extraction.[27] William Aitchinson had already begun extracting coal near Kaitangata in 1862.[28] In 1871 he leased his mine to John Thompson of Balclutha.[29] He installed a wooden tramway from the mine to the Matau River.[30]
Underground
Coal mining was the mainstay of the town's economy from the 1870s until 1972, when the last state-owned underground coal mine closed. In addition to the earlier mentioned Thompson mine, MacFarlane and Martin opened a new mine in March 1872, with Dunedin merchants Messrs Findlay and Chapstick being added as additional owners a month later.[31] There mine was referred to as the No 1 Coal Company mine. In September Thompson and Aitchenson reached agreement to raise capital to expand their mining operation by way of a new company, the Kaitangata Coal Mining Company.[32] The Company made a rail link to the South Island Main Trunk at Stirling in 1875.
In September 1873 ownership of the No 1 Coal Company Mine passed to a Mr McLaren.[33] Later the same year Messrs Findlay and Watson opened their mine.[34] The underground mines produced sub-bituminous coal of a high quality, which was used primarily as fuel for the steam locomotives, in use in NZ until the 1960s. When the railways switched to diesel locomotives the decline of underground mining occurred.
Industrial Action
In 1873 miners at the Kaitangata Coal Mining Company struck for higher wages. Their claims were unsuccessful and work resummed after about a month.[35]
Mining Accidents
In either late 1873 or early 1874 the No 1 Company's mine caught fire. By July 1874 the fire had broken out of the mine and attempts to put out the fire were unsuccessful.[36]
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One of New Zealand's early industrial disasters occurred at the Kaitangata mine at 8am on 21 February 1879, when the lives of 34 miners were lost in an underground explosion. On the day of the explosion 47 men were employed at the mine. The cause of the explosion is believed to have been a methane gas build up that was ignited when the mine managers brother entered a disused area of the mine with a lit candle.[37] The Coroners Court verdict found negligence on behalf of the mine manager and his brother, together with the lack of legislation as the contributing factors in the disaster.[38]
Open cast
Several open-cast mines have continued to exist (both state and private) up to the present day, such as the Kai Point Mine. The Kai Point Coal Company, founded by George Cross, has been mining coal at Kaitangata since 1951 and produces coal for local industry and domestic heating. It was producing 55,000 tons of coal per annum.[39] The remaining open-cast mine produces lignite, which is primarily used in household fires and industrial boilers.
Railway
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In 1873 local residents petitioned the Provincial Government to construct a Branch Line from the South Island Main Trunk to Ropers Creek near Kaitangata to enable coal to be easily transported from the mines.[40] In 1874 the Provincial Government applied for consent to raise a ₤27,750 loan to construct the Branch line with an extension as far as Coal Point.[41] This was unsuccessful and as a result the Kaitangata Coal Company began to investigate constructing its own line.
A railway construction company, the Kaitangata Railway Company was formed and Government consent sought to construct the line. After the Railway Company was formed it amalgamated with the Coal Company, forming the Kaitangata Mining and Railway Company. Construction of a railway line from Kaitangata to the South Island Main line at Stirling was commenced 1875 and was completed on 31 March 1876. It was a private branch line serving the township and the mines. Eventually the line later came into the state Mines Department's possession. It was closed in 1970.
The locomotive that operated the line for many years, known during operation as an "Improved F", was donated to the preservation society at Shantytown in Westland and it operates heritage trains today with the nameplate "Kaitangata" in honour of its former home.
Crime
In April 1877 several local stores were set alight by an arsonist, although only one was destroyed.[42] A ₤250 reward was offered for locating and prosecuting the offender. The culprit was never found.
In recent years the town has gained some notoriety due to several high-profile crimes connected with the town (notably cases of arson).[43]
Environment
Introduced species
Black swans and pheasants were introduced into the area in the 1860s by the Acclimatisation Society. Trout were introduced into the Matau River in the 1870s.
Tidal wave
at 10am on 11 May 1877 the tsunami from the 1877 Iquique earthquake caused the an 18 inch high wave up the Clutha River past Kaitangata, with the river eventually rising to 4 feet above its former height. This repeated hourly for most of that day.[44]
Drainage and flooding
In 1877 work began to drain the lakes at Kaitangata.[45] The community hoped that by draining the lakes a source of flooding which plagued the area would be removed.
At the end of September 1878 the whole township was severely flooded, no lives were lost but considerable damage was done to the township. The road to Granton was washed away and the railway bridges piles were undermined.[46][47]
Recent developments
A local promotions society (formed from the former ratepayers' association) has improved this image somewhat and has been responsible for numerous civic projects in and around the town.[48] In 2010 a museum focusing on the coal mining industry was opened.[49]
Notable people
Famous Kaitangatans have included All Black rugby player Tony Brown and Aaron Jury, winner of the Golden Guitar and MLT Song writing awards in 2005.[50]
References
- ↑ The Superintendency, Otago Daily Times , Issue 407, 10 April 1863, Page 5
- ↑ Tokomairiro, Bruce Herald, Volume III, Issue 65, 6 July 1865, Page 3
- ↑ Meeting at Kaitanagata, Clutha Leader, Volume II, Issue 107, 28 July 1876, Page 5
- ↑ The Clutha navigation, Otago Daily Times, Issue 187, 21 June 1862, Page 5
- ↑ Advertisements, Southland Times, Volume I, Issue 15, 30 December 1862, Page 4, Column 2
- ↑ Visit of the Secretary of Works, Clutha Leader, Volume II, Issue 57, 12 August 1875, Page 5
- ↑ Editorial, , Bruce Herald, Volume XI, Issue 1098, 25 March 1879, Page 5
- ↑ Kaitangata, Advertisements, Otago Witness, Issue 528, 11 January 1862, Page 4, Column 3
- ↑ Untitled, Otago Daily Times, Issue 205, 5 August 1862, Page 4
- ↑ Presbytery of Otago, Otago Daily Times, Issue 318, 26 December 1862, Page 4
- ↑ Untitled, Otago Daily Times, Issue 551, 23 September 1863, Page 4
- ↑ Untitled, Otago Daily Times, Issue 624, 17 December 1863, Page 4
- ↑ New insolvents, Otago Daily Times, Issue 1084, 10 June 1865, Page 5
- ↑ Education Board, Otago Daily Times, Issue 1462, 4 September 1866, Page 5
- ↑ Kaitangata, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 480, 18 April 1873, Page 3
- ↑ Flax, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 304, 23 February 1870, Page 3
- ↑ Inch Clutha, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 343, 23 November 1870, Page 7
- ↑ Kaitangata, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 484, 29 April 1873, Page 6
- ↑ Opening of the Kaitangata Branch Railway and Coal Pits, Otago Daily Times , Issue 4471, 17 June 1876, Page 3
- ↑ Kaitangata Land Sale, Clutha Leader, Volume II, Issue 102, 23 June 1876, Page 6
- ↑ Opening of new Church, Kaitangata, Clutha Leader, Volume IV, Issue 171, 19 October 1877, Page 6
- ↑ Tokomairiro, Otago Daily Times, Issue 670, 10 February 1864, Page 5
- ↑ Untitled, Bruce Herald, Volume III, Issue 76, 21 September 1865, Page 3
- ↑ Inch Clutha, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 363, 12 April 1871, Page 5
- ↑ Untitled, Clutha Leader, Volume III, Issue 143, 6 April 1877, Page 5
- ↑ Report by J G LEWIS Esq on the Clutha Coal Fields, Otago Witness, Issue 397, 9 July 1859, Page 3
- ↑ Dr Hector's report on the coal fields of Otago, Otago Witness, Issue 654, 11 June 1864, Page 5
- ↑ To the Editor, Otago Daily Times, Issue 235, 20 September 1862, Page 6
- ↑ Balclutha, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 367, 10 May 1871, Page 6
- ↑ Untitled, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 382, 30 August 1871, Page 5
- ↑ Editorial, Otago Daily Times, Issue 3148, 9 March 1872, Page 2
- ↑ Miscellaneous, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 437, 25 September 1872, Page 2
- ↑ [1], Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 532, 26 September 1873, Page 6
- ↑ Kaitangata, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 582, 24 March 1874, Page 6
- ↑ Kaitangata, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 475, 28 March 1873, Page 6
- ↑ Kaitangata, Bruce Herald, Volume VII, Issue 617, 24 July 1874, Page 6
- ↑ Kaitangata Mine Disaster, History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage
- ↑ The Kaitangata catastrophe, Otago Daily Times, Issue 5322, 11 March 1879, Page 3
- ↑ http://www.kaipointcoal.co.nz/ Kai Point Coal website
- ↑ Proposed Kaitangata Railway, Bruce Herald, Volume VI, Issue 506, 27 June 1873, Page 6
- ↑ Proposed Railway Resolutions, Bruce Herald, Volume VII, Issue 600, 26 May 1874, Page 3
- ↑ The fire at Kaitangata, Otago Daily Times , Issue 4723, 7 April 1877, Page 2
- ↑ Authorities investigating after fire at three-bedroom house, Helena de Reus, Otago Daily Times, 30 Jul 2013
- ↑ The tidal wave, Clutha Leader, Volume III, Issue 149, 18 May 1877, Page 3
- ↑ Kaitagata Lakes drainage, Otago Witness, Issue 1350, 13 October 1877, Page 5
- ↑ Kaitangata, Bruce Herald, Volume XI, Issue 1049, 4 October 1878, Page 4
- ↑ Kaitangata, Clutha Leader, Volume V, Issue 223, 18 October 1878, Page 5
- ↑ "Kai: Now the good news" (Otago Daily Times, July 22, 2006)
- ↑ Flood of memories return at opening of museum, Rachel Taylor, Otago Daily Times, 25 Oct 2010
- ↑ Prime spot at festival, Helena de Reus, Otago Daily Times, 16 Mar 2013
External links
- Kaitangata, An Encyclopedia of New Zealand 1966, A H McLintock
- www.kaitangatablackgold.co.nz
- KAITANGATA MINE DISASTER - 21 FEBRUARY 1879
- Kai Point Coal Mine website
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