Law of truly large numbers
The law of truly large numbers, attributed to Persi Diaconis and Frederick Mosteller, states that with a sample size large enough, any outrageous thing is likely to happen.[1] Because we never find it notable when likely events occur, we highlight unlikely events and notice them more. The law seeks to debunk one element of supposed supernatural phenomenology.
Example
For a simplified example of the law, assume that a given event happens with a probability of 0.1% in one trial. Then the probability that this unlikely event does not happen in a single trial is 99.9% = 0.999.
In a sample of 1000 independent trials, the probability that the event does not happen in any of them is 0.9991000, or 36.8%. The probability that the event happens at least once in 1000 trials is then 1 − 0.368 = 0.632 or 63.2%. The probability that it happens at least once in 10,000 trials is 1 - 0.99910000 = 0.99995 = 99.995%.
This means that this "unlikely event" has a probability of 63.2% of happening if 1000 independent trials are conducted, or over 99.9% for 10,000 trials. In other words, a highly unlikely event, given enough trials with some fixed number of draws per trial, is even more likely to occur.
In criticism of pseudoscience
The law comes up in criticism of pseudoscience and is sometimes called the Jeane Dixon effect (see also Postdiction). It holds that the more predictions a psychic makes, the better the odds that one of them will "hit". Thus, if one comes true, the psychic expects us to forget the vast majority that did not happen.[2] Humans can be susceptible to this fallacy.
A similar (to small degree, see: psychologism vs. anti-psychologism) manifestation can be found in gambling, where gamblers tend to remember their wins and forget their losses[3] (but depending on particular person individual environmental behaviors, customs or habits: so the opposite is also local truth[4] - statistical prevalence not featured) and thus hold an inflated view of their real winnings (or losses respectively). Aasved links it with "selective memory"[4] (synonymous: kinds of "amnesia").
See also
- Coincidence
- Large numbers
- Law of large numbers
- Law of small numbers
- Littlewood's law
- Look-elsewhere effect
- Miracle
- Murphy's Law
- Psychic phenomena
- Infinite monkey theorem
Notes
- ↑ Everitt 2002
- ↑ 1980, Austin Society to Oppose Pseudoscience (ASTOP) distributed by ICSA (former American Family Foundation) "Pseudoscience Fact Sheets, ASTOP: Psychic Detectives"
- ↑ Daniel Freeman, Jason Freeman, 2009, London, "Know Your Mind: Everyday Emotional and Psychological Problems and How to Overcome Them" p. 41
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Mikal Aasved, 2002, Ilinois, "THE PSYCHODYNAMICS AND PSYCHOLOGY OF GAMBLING: The Gambler's Mind" vol. I, p. 129
References
- Weisstein, Eric W., "Law of truly large numbers", MathWorld.
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- David J. Hand, (2014), The Improbability Principle: Why Coincidences, Miracles, and Rare Events Happen Every Day
