Liebermann reagent

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Not to be confused with the Liebermann nitroso reaction, a test for nitrosamines and phenol.

The Liebermann reagent named after Hungarian chemist Leo Liebermann (1852-1926) is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of potassium nitrite and concentrated sulfuric acid.[1][2] 1g of potassium nitrite is used for every 10 mls of sulphuric acid.[3] Potassium nitrite may also be substituted by sodium nitrite.[4][5] It is used to test for cocaine, morphine, PMA and PMMA.

The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless). The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent.

Final colors produced by Liebermann Reagent with various substances
Substance Color
Alprazolam No reaction
Cocaine Yellowish[2]
Morphine Black[2][6]
Atropine Red - Orange[7]
Yohimbine Blue[7]
PMA and PMMA Purple - Brown[8]
MDMA Intense Brown[9] - Black[8]
Amphetamine Intense Olive Green[8]
Methamphetamine Red[6]
4-FA Orange[10][11]
Cathinone Bright Yellow[9]
Methcathinone Bright Yellow[9]
4-MMC Bright Yellow[9]
N,N-DMC Faint Yellow[9]
3-FMC No reaction[9]
4-MOMC Faint Orange[9]
Methylone Orange > Brown[9]
MDPV Yellow > Green[9]
4-Me-PPP Orange[12]
Brephedrone Yellow[12]
4-MEC Orange[12]
Pentedrone Yellow[12]
4-methyl buphedrone Yellow[12]
Buphedrone Yellow[12]
Butylone Yellow > Brown[12] or Green > Brown[9]
3,4-DMMC Orange[12]
Naphyrone Brown[12]
Benzedrone Orange[12]
JWH-307 Dark Yellow[12]
AB-001 Dark Yellow[12]
CB-13 Dark Green[12]
JTE-907 Black (bubbling)[12]
UR-144 Dark Red[12]
URB-597 Yellow Brown[12]
URB602 Dark Brown[12]
URB754 Light Brown[12]
AM-1248 Dark Yellow[12]
AB-034 Red-Orange > Dark Red[12]
A-796,260 Red-Orange > Dark Red[12]
A-834,735 Red-Orange > Dark Red[12]
FUR-144 Dark Red[12]
AKB48 No color change[12]
JWH-073 Yellow - Brown[12]
JWH-018 Yellow - Brown[12]
JWH-200 Dark Yellow - Brown[12]
AM-2201 Yellow - Brown[12]
JWH-203 Yellow - Orange[12]
RCS-4-C4 homolog Brown[12]
AM-694 Dark Yellow[12]
MAM-2201 Green - Brown[12]
AM-2233 Yellow[12]
STS-135 Brown[12]
4-MeO-PCP Brown[12]
Methoxetamine Orange - Brown[12]
Ethketamine Pale Yellow[12]
3-HO-PCE Dark Brown[12]
5-MeO-DALT Dark Brown - Black[12]
4-methyl-aET Brown[12]
4-AcO-DALT Black[12]
4-HO-MET Black[12]
4-HO-MIPT Black[12]
4-AcO-DET Black[12]
DPT Dark brown
aMT Black[12]
5-IT Dark Brown[12]
5-APB Black[12]
6-APB Dark Purple[12]
Camfetamine Dark Red[12]
Methiopropamine Dark Brown[12]
MDAI Green > Black[12]
5-IAI Dark Brown[12]
Pethidine Red - Orange[13]
Mescaline Black[13]
Allylescaline Brown - Black[12]
2C-T-2 Red[12]
2C-P Green[12]
2C-C Yellow > Black > Clear
2C-B Yellow -> Black[14]
b-methoxy-2C-D Green[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 12.18 12.19 12.20 12.21 12.22 12.23 12.24 12.25 12.26 12.27 12.28 12.29 12.30 12.31 12.32 12.33 12.34 12.35 12.36 12.37 12.38 12.39 12.40 12.41 12.42 12.43 12.44 12.45 12.46 12.47 12.48 12.49 12.50 12.51 12.52 12.53 12.54 12.55 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links


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