Limonese Creole
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| Limonese | |
|---|---|
| Limón Creole English | |
| Mekatelyu | |
| Native to | Costa Rica |
|
Native speakers
|
unknown (55,000 cited 1986)[1] |
|
English creole
|
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | limo1249[2] |
Limonese Creole (also called Limón Creole English or Mekatelyu) is a dialect of Jamaican Creole English spoken in Limón Province on the Caribbean Sea coast of Costa Rica. Limón Coastal Creole is similar to varieties such as Colón Creole, Mískito Coastal Creole, Belizian Kriol, and San Andrés and Providencia Creole. The number of speakers of is below 100,000.[3] Limón Coastal Creole does not have the status of an official language. It is very similar to Jamaican Creole and has borrowed many words from English.
Jamaican Creole was introduced to Limón by Jamaican migrant workers who arrived to work on the construction of the Atlantic railway, the banana plantations and on the Pacific railway.
The name Mekatelyu is a transliteration of the phrase "make I tell you", or in standard English "let me tell you". Linguists of the Universidad Nacional (of Costa Rica) consider it as not English. On the other hand, linguists of the Universidad de Costa Rica does consider it as English.
When European countries went to Africa to take people for slavery, they sent Africans from different countries who had no language in common to work on plantations in the Caribbean Islands. Those Africans had to develop a way to speak to communicate between them. If their slavedriver spoke English, they started to learn it. By the pass of time, those enslaved people created an English that was only understandable between them (a kind of pidgin) and then, they taught that way to speak to their children (a creole language).
Those speakers of creole English had a lot of contact with Scottish, Irish and English people, so they had to learn to speak an English that was more understandable to different nationalities (a "neutral" or standard English). Therefore, they created many ways to speak English, from the "most creole" to the "most standard" varying gradually according to the context.
Other situation happened to Africans who were slaved by frenchs. They developed a French creole, but they had little or no contact with French speakers. So, their French creole became an independent language from French.
One common way to call the Limón Creole English in Costa Rica is by the term "Patois", a word was used initially by frenchs. In France, there are many ways to speak French and also many languages (including other romance languages as provenzal). This country needed to homogenize the language and declared the French of Paris as the correct French. For that, the other varieties of French or the other minority languages were consired incorrect or bad ways to speak and were called patois (that means speak with the feet). The French creole was also considered patois because it differed to the French or Paris. By the pass of time, the meaning of the term patois expanded even more. As an analogy to the French creole, the English creole was also called with patois. When Costa Ricans talk about the Costa Rican Patois used in Limón, it is not clear if they mean the creole English (the most common creole) or the creole French.
Limón was once a very important port of the Caribbean and the English was an important language used over there. There were French creole speakers that migrated to this region and had to learn English. As it was hard for these migrants to learn a new language as adults, they started to mix their native language (French creole) with the creole English. That is the reason why some Costa Ricans have the false belief that in Limón is spoken a mix of French and English. Only few migrants made it.
Linguist are not decided if the English creole is a kind of English or other language. For some,[4] it should be declared other language as it happens with the French creole of Haiti. However, in Haiti there is no dialectal continuum (the distinction between the French and the creole is clear), and in Limón there does exist that continuum between the English and the creole.[5]
There is controversy about what should be taught in Limón schools, Creole English or Standard English. The first option would conserve cultural identity and history of those African descendant. However, the second option would allow people to have jobs needing bilinguism in Spanish and English.
See also
Bibliography
- Herzfeld, Anita. Tense and Aspect in Limon Creole. Kansas: The University of Kansas, 1978.
- Herzfeld, Anita (2002). Mekaytelyuw: La Lengua Criolla. Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 438 pp. ISBN 9977-67-711-5.
- Wolfe, Terry. An Exploratory Study of the Morphology and Syntax of the English of the Province of Limon, Costa Rica. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica, 1970.
- Wright M., Fernando. Limon Creole: A Syntactic Analysis. San José: Universidad de Costa Rica. 1974.
- Wright M., Fernando. "Problemas y Métodos para la Enseñanza como Segunda Lengua a los Habitantes del Mek-a-tél-yu en la Provincia de Limón". Revista de la Universidad de Costa Rica, March–Sept. 1982.
- Wright M., Fernando. Problems and Methods of Teaching English as a Second Language to Limon Creole Speakers. Lawrence: The University of Kansas, 1979.
External links
- "¿Qué es el mek-a-tel-yu?" by Dora H. de Vargas (in Spanish)
References
- ↑ Jamaican Creole English (Costa Rica) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
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- ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CR
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