List of pirates

For software and media pirates, see List of warez groups.

This is a list of known pirates, buccaneers, corsairs, privateers, river pirates, and others involved in piracy and piracy-related activities. This list includes both captains and prominent crew members. For a list of female pirates, see women in piracy.

Ancient World

Sextus Pompeius denarius, minted for his victory over Augustus' fleet. On the obverse the Pharus of Messina, on the reverse monster Scylla, who defeated Augustus.

Name	Life	Years active	Country of origin	Comments
Anicetus	d. 69		Pontus (Hellenic)	Was the leader of an unsuccessful anti-Roman uprising in Pontus in AD 69.
Demetrius of Pharos	d. 214 BC		Pharos (Hellenic)	His actions precipitated the Second Illyrian War.
Dionysius the Phocaean		494 BC	Greece	Phocaean admiral active against Carthaginian and Tyrsenian merchants in the years following the Greco–Persian Wars.
Gan Ning	175–218	190–197	China	His party carried bells as their trademark causing the commoners to be afraid when they heard the bells.
Genthus of Illyria	First century BC		Illyria	Was accused by the Romans of organizing and aiding pirate raids in Italy.
Glauketas		315–300 BC		Greek inscriptions of the Athenian navy raiding his base on Kynthnos Island and capturing he and his men "making the sea safe for those that sailed thereon."
Sextus Pompeius	d. 35 BC		Rome	He was the last focus of opposition to the Second Triumvirate.

Middle Ages

Aruj, or Oruç, Reis was a Barbary privateer and later Admiral in Ottoman service who became known as Barbarossa – or Redbeard – amongst Christians.

Awilda was a 5th-century pirate who, along with friends, dressed up as sailors and commandeered a ship.

Name	Life	Years Active	Country of origin	Comments
Giorgio Adorno	d. 1558		Malta	Knight of Malta active in the Mediterranean. Originally from Naples, he was elected "Captain-General of the Galleys" in 1547, 1549, 1557 and 1558.
James Alday	1516–1576	1540s	England	An English privateer. Raided Spanish ports with James Logan and William Cooke.
William Aleyn	fl. 1448	1432-1448	England	English pirate active in the Thames and English Channel. Associate of William Kyd.
Jean Ango	1480–1551		France	A French ship-owner who provided ships to Francis I for exploration of the globe.
Aruj	1474–1518	1503–1518	Ottoman Empire	An Ottoman privateer and Bey (Governor) of Algiers and Beylerbey (Chief Governor) of the West Mediterranean.
Awilda	5th century		Scandinavia	She and some of her female friends dressed like sailors and commandeered a ship.
Hayreddin Barbarossa	1478–1546	1504–1545	Ottoman Empire	An Ottoman privateer and later Admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for decades.
Baldassare Cossa (Antipope John XXIII)	1370–1415		Procida	Antipope during the Western Schism, John XXIII was accused of—among other crimes—piracy, incest and sodomy.
Pier Gerlofs Donia	1480–1520		Germany (Frisia)	a Frisian warrior, pirate, freedom fighter, folk hero and rebel.
Eric of Pomerania	1382–1459		Germany (Pomerania)	The first king of the Nordic Kalmar Union, he spent his last years living on the island of Gothland and "sent forth piratical expeditions against friend and foe alike".
Eustace the Monk	c. 1170–1217		France	He was a mercenary for both England and France.
Alv Erlingsson	d. 1290		Norway	He was a favorite of the Queen, yet committed countless acts of piracy throughout his life
Jean Fleury (Florin)	fl. 1523	1520s	France	French privateer and naval officer under Jean Ango. Seized three Spanish ships carrying Aztec treasure from Mexico to Spain in 1523.
Magnus Heinason	1545–1589		Faroe Islands	Faroese naval hero and privateer. Was executed for piracy, though charges were later dropped.
Klein Henszlein	d. 1573	to 1573	Germany	A 16th-century pirate who raided shipping in the North Sea until his defeat and capture by a fleet from Hamburg
Wijerd Jelckama	1490–1523		Germany (Frisia)	The nephew of Pier Gerlofs Donia (also known as Grutte Pier), fought along his side against the Saxon and Hollandic invaders.
William Kyd	fl. 1430–1453	1430s–1450s	England	English pirate active in Southwest England during the early-to-mid-15th century.
Gödeke Michels	d. 1402	to 1402	Germany	A German pirate and one of the leaders of the Likedeeler, a combination of former Vitalienbrüder
Didrik Pining	c. 1430–1491		Denmark-Norway	A pirate and privateer operating in the North Sea. Often partnered with Hans Pothorst.
Hans Pothorst	c.1440–1490		Denmark-Norway	A pirate and privateer operating in the North Sea. Often partnered with Didrik Pining.
Salih Reis	1488–1568		Ottoman Empire	A Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral.
Turgut Reis	1485–1565		Ottoman Empire	A Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral as well as Bey of Algiers; Beylerbey of the Mediterranean; and first Bey later Pasha of Tripoli.
Klaus Störtebeker	1360–1401		Germany	He was a leader of the Victual Brothers.
Yermak Timofeyevich	c. between 1532 and 1542 – August 5 or 6, 1585	c.before 1582	Russia	A leader of a gang of river pirates, along the Don River region, of Russia and later, led an expedition, in the Russian conquest of Siberia, in the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
Kristoffer Trondson (Rustung)	c.1500–1565	c.1535–1542	Norway	A Norwegian nobleman-turned pirate and privateer. Operated in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Gave up piracy in 1542 and eventually, became admiral of the Danish Fleet.
Hennig Wichmann	1370–1402	149?–1402	Germany (Frisia)	One of the leaders of the Likedeeler, an association of former Victual Brothers.
Cord Widderich	d. 1447	1404–1447	Germany	A pirate active during political conflicts between Dithmarschen and North Frisia in the early 15th century.
Magister Wigbold	1365–1402	1392–1402	Germany	Often described as the brains behind the Victual Brothers.
Wimund	b. 1147		England	He was a bishop who became a seafaring warlord adventurer.
John Crabbe		1305-1332	Flanders	Flemish pirate best known for his successful use of a ship-mounted catapult. Once won the favor of Robert the Bruce and acted as a Naval Officer for England during the Hundred Years' War (after being captured by King Edward III.)

Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Corsairs: 1560–1650

The first man to intentionally circumnavigate the globe, Thomas Cavendish also raided numerous Spanish towns and ships in the New World.

Uluj Ali (Giovanni Dionigi) was an Italian-born Muslim corsair, who later became an Ottoman admiral and Chief Admiral (Kaptan-ı Derya) of the Ottoman Fleet in the 16th century.

Known as "el Draque" (the Dragon), Sir Francis Drake was considered a hero in England, but little more than a pirate in Spain.

After serving as a Spanish galley slave for four years, Piet Hein later captured 11,509,524 guilders of cargo from the Spanish treasure fleet.

File:Grace2.jpg

Gráinne O'Malley (left of frame) was an important figure in Irish legend who is still recognised in popular culture today.

Sir John Hawkins. An Elizabethan corsair and some-time slaves trader in West Africa and Venezuelan coasts.

File:Sir Francis Verney.jpg

Sir Francis Verney was one of the most feared Barbary corsairs during the early 17th century.

Sir Walter Raleigh who commanded two expedition to search the golden city of El Dorado in Spanish colony of Guayana (actual Venezuela)

Name	Life	Years Active	Country of origin	Comments
Nicholas Alvel	early 17th century	1603	England	Active in the Ionian Sea.
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés	1519–1574	1565	Spanish	A Spanish Admiral and pirate hunter, de Aviles is remembered for his destruction of the French settlement of Fort Caroline in 1565.
Samuel Axe	early 17th century	1629–1645	England	An English privateer in Dutch service, Axe served with English forces in the Dutch Revolt against Habsburg rule.
Sir Andrew Barton	1466–1511	to 1511	Scotland	Served under a Scottish letter of marque, but was described a pirate by English and Portuguese.
Abraham Blauvelt	d. 1663	1640–1663	Netherlands	One of the last Dutch corsairs of the mid-17th century, Blauvelt mapped much of South America.
Jean Bontemps	early 16th century	1559-1572	France	Active in the Caribbean Sea. He attacked Santa Marta, Cartagena de Indias, Rio de Hacha an Margarita island.
Nathaniel Butler	b. 1578	1639	England	Despite a comparatively unsuccessful career as a privateer, Butler was later colonial governor of Bermuda.
Jan de Bouff	early 17th century	1602	Netherlands	de Bouff served as a Dunkirker in Habsburg service during the Dutch Revolt.
John Callis (Calles)	c. 1558–1587?	c. 1574–1587	England	Welsh pirate active along the southern coast of Wales.
Hendrik (Enrique) Brower	1581–1643	1600, 1643	Netherlands	Brouwer was a privateer who fought the Habsburgs during the Dutch revolt, holding the city of Castro, Chile hostage for a period of two months.
Thomas Cavendish	1560–1592	1587–1592	England	The first man to intentionally circumnavigate the globe, Cavendish also raided numerous Spanish towns and ships in the New World.
Shirahama Kenki	16th-early 17th centuries		Japan	Japanese pirate and one of the first Japanese with whom the southern Vietnamese kingdom of the Nguyễn Lords made contact.
Arnaut Mami	mid 16th century	1572-1576	Albania	Active in the Narrow Sea. He was the squadron admiral and the supreme commander of all Islamic vessels in North Africa and Pasha Algiers, known as the most formidable corsair of that period.
Matsura Takanobu	1529–1599		Japan	One of the most powerful feudal lords of Kyūshū and one of the first lords to allow trading with Europeans
Peter Love	d.1610		England	An English pirate who set up base in the Outer Hebrides and was active around Ireland and Scotland. He was betrayed by the outlaw Neil MacLeod and executed in 1610.
Zheng Zhilong (Cheng Chih Lung)	1604–1662	1623–1645	China	A convert to Christianity, Zhilon collaborated with Dutch forces, helping to create a monopoly on trade with Japan.
Zheng Jing (Cheng Chin)	1643–1682	1662–1682	China	Chinese pirate and warlord. The eldest son of Koxinga and grandson of Zheng Zhilong, he succeeded his father as ruler of Tainan and briefly occupied Fukien.
Wang Zhi	16th century	1551–1555	China	One of the chief figures amongst the wokou of the 16th century.
Francois le Clerc (Jambe de Bois)	16th century	1550s–1560s	France	Known for his sacking of Santiago de Cuba in 1554
Jacob Collaart	17th century	1625–1635	Netherlands	A Flemish admiral who served as privateer and one of the Dunkirkers in Spanish Habsburg service during the Dutch Revolt, responsible for the destruction of at least 150 fishing boats.
Claes Compaan	1587–1660	1621–1627	Netherlands	Former Dutch corsair and privateer, he later became a pirate and was successful in capturing hundreds of ships in Europe, the Barbary coast and West Africa.
Baltazar de Cordes	d.1601?	1598–1601	Netherlands	A Dutch corsair who fought against the Spanish during the early 17th Century.
Simon Danziker	d. 1611	1600s–1610s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair and privateer who later became a Barbary corsairbased in Algiers and Tunis during the early 17th century. He and John Ward dominated the Western Mediterranean during the early 17th century.
De Veenboer	d. 1620	1600s–1610s	Netherlands	Former Dutch corsair and privateer. Later became a Barbary corsair under Simon the Dancer and eventually commanded the Algiers corsair fleet.
Uluj Ali (Giovanni Dionigi)	1519–1587	1536–1550	Turkey	An Italian-born Muslim corsair, who later became an Ottoman admiral and Chief Admiral (Kaptan-ı Derya) of the Ottoman Fleet in the 16th century.
Sir Francis Drake	1540–1596	1563–1596	England	Known as "el Draque" (the Dragon), he was an Elisabethan corsair considered a hero in England, but little more than a pirate in Spain.
Peter Easton	1570–1619	1602	England	A privateer, then pirate, who was able to retire in Villefranche, Savoy with an estimated worth of two million pounds.
Jan Janszoon	1570–after 1641		Holland	Turkish service of the 'fleet from Salé'
Daniel Elfrith	1607–1640		England	English privateer and slave trader in the West Indies.
Jan Evertsen		1630s	Netherlands	Dutch admiral and corsair.
Juan Garcia	fl. 1622	1620s	Spain	One of the Spanish privateers who accompanied Jan Jacobsen on his last voyage in 1622.
Sir Michael Geare	c. 1565–?	c. 1584–1603	England	Elizabethan Sea Dog active in the West Indies up until the turn of the 17th century.
Sir John Hawkins	1532–1595	1554, 1564, 1567	England	An Elizabethan corsair and some-time slaves trader in West Africa and Venezuelan coasts. His work in ship design was important during the threat of invasion from the Spanish Armada.
Piet Hein	1577–1629	1628	Netherlands	After serving as a Spanish galley slave for four years, Hein later captured 11,509,524 guilders of cargo from the Spanish treasure fleet.
Pieter Adriaanszoon Ita	fl. 1628–1630	1620s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair and privateer. Commanded one of the earliest and largest expeditions against the Portugal and Spain in the Caribbean during 1628.
Jan Jacobsen	d. 1622	1610s–1620s	Netherlands	Flemish-born privateer in English service during the Eighty Years' War.
Willem Jacobszoon	fl. 1624–1625	1620s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair who accompanied Pieter Schouten on one of the first major expeditions to the West Indies.
Willem Jansen	fl. 1600	1600s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair based in Duinkerken and one time officer under Jacques Colaert.
Cornelius Jol	1597–1641	1630s–1640s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair successful against the Spanish in the West Indies. One of the first to use a wooden peg leg.
Lawrence Keymis	fl. –1618	1595-1596- 1617	England	Lawrence Keymis was a seaman and companion of Sir Walter Raleigh in his expeditions to Spanish colony of Guayana in 1595 and 1617 to search for England El Dorado (actual Venezuela). In another expedition in 1596 led a force inland Guayana along the banks of the Essequibo River, reaching what he wrongly believed to be Lake Parime.
Sir James Lancaster	1554–1618	1591–1603	England	Elizabethan Sea Dog active in India during the late 16th century. Later a chief director for the East India Company.
Guillaume Le Testu	1509–1573	1560s–1570s	France	French privateer, explorer and cartographer. First navigator to chart Australia in 1531.
Hendrick Jacobszoon Lucifer	1583–1627	1627	Netherlands	Hendrick captured 1.2 million guilders from a Honduran treasure fleet, but was mortally wounded in the process.
Sir Henry Mainwaring	1587–1653	1610–1616	England	English privateer and pirate hunter. His pirate fleet nearly broke the truce between England and Spain following the Anglo-Spanish War.
Olivier van Noort	1558–1627	1598–1601	Netherlands	Despite his venture being of limited success, it was the inspiration that led to the formation of the Dutch East India Company.
John Nutt		1620–1623	England	An English pirate active in Newfoundland.
Roger North	1585 –1652	1617	England	Roger North was a seaman and companion of Sir Walter Raleigh in his expeditions to Spanish colony of Guayana in 1617 to search for England El Dorado (actual Venezuela). North in 1619 petitioned for letters patent authorising him to establish the king's right to the coast and country adjoining the River Amazon; to found a plantation or settlement there, and to open a direct trade with the natives.
Gráinne O'Malley (Gráinne Ní Mháille)	1530–1603	1560s–1600s	Ireland	An important figure in Irish legend who is still present in popular culture today.
John Oxenham	1536–1580	1570s–1600s	England	Elizabethan Sea Dog and associate of Sir Frances Drake during the early years of the Anglo-Spanish War. First English privateer to enter the Pacific though Panama.
William Parker	d. 1617	1590s–1600s	England	Elizabethan Sea Dog active in the West Indies. Successfully attacked Porto Bello in 1602 without firing a shot.
Pedro de la Plesa	fl. 1622	1620s	Spain	He and Juan Garcia who joined Jan Jacobsen on his final voyage in 1622.
Sir Walter Raleigh	fl. 1554–1618	1595-1617	England	Elizabethan corsair who commanded two expeditions to search for England El Dorado in Spanish colony of Guayana (actual Venezuela).
Murat Reis the Elder	1506–1608	1534–1608	Rhodes	A Ottoman Albanian privateer and Ottoman admiral who took part in all of the early naval campaigns of Turgut Reis.
Assan Reis (Jan Marinus van Sommelsdijk)	fl. 1626	1620s	Netherlands	Former Dutch privateer turned Barbary corsair. He attacked the Dutch ship St. Jan Babtista under Jacob Jacobsen of Ilpendam on March 7, 1626.
James Riskinner (Reiskimmer)	17th century	1630s	England	A lieutenant on the ship Warwick, then part of a fleet under the command of Nathaniel Butler, he later took part in a privateering expedition between May–September 1639.
Isaac Rochussen	1631–1710	1660s–1670s	Netherlands	A Dutch corsair active against the English during the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch War. His capture of The Falcon, an East India merchantman, was one of the most valuable prizes captured during the late-17th century.
Mahieu Romboutsen	fl. 1636	1630s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair in the service of Spain. Was part of a three ship squadron under Jacques Colaert and was captured with him after a five-hour battle with Jan Evertsen.
William Rous	fl. 1636–1645	1630s–1640s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair and privateer based on Providence Island. He was involved in privateering expeditions for the Providence Island Company and later commander of Fort Henry.
Jan van Ryen	d. 1627	1620s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair active in the West Indies. Reportedly killed with a number of colonists attempting to establish one of the first colonies on the Wiapoco in Dutch Guiana.
Pieter Schouten	fl. 1624–1625	1620s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair who led one of the Dutch expeditions to the West Indies.
Jacques de Sores	16th century	1555	France	A French pirate whose sole documented act was his attack and burning of Havana in 1555.
Dirck Simonszoon van Uitgeest	fl. 1628–1629	1620s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair who commanded a WIC expedition to Brazil bringing back over 12 Portuguese and Spanish prizes.
Sir Francis Verney	1584–1615	1608–1610	England	English nobleman who left behind his inheritance to become a Barbary corsair.
Johannes van Walbeeck	fl. 1634	1620s–1630s	Netherlands	Dutch admiral and corsair. Captured Curaçao in 1634 and later served as governor.
John Ward	1552–1622	1603–1610s	England	A notorious English pirate around the turn of the 17th century who later became a Barbary Corsair operating out of Tunis during the early 1600s.
Cornelis Wittebol	fl. 1622	1620s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair in Spanish service. In February 1622, attacked a fishing fleet from the Veere and Maasmond sinking several ships and bringing back the survivors to ransom in Duinkerken.
Jacob Willekens	1571–1633	1590s–1630s	Netherlands	Dutch admiral who led Dutch corsairs on the first major privateering expedition to the West Indies.
Hendrik Worst	fl. 1624	1620s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair who accompanied Pieter Schouten in his expedition to the West Indies.
Filips van Zuylen	fl. 1624	1620s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair active against the Portuguese in West Africa.
Moses Cohen Henriques	early 17th century	1620s and 1630s	Netherlands	Dutch pirate of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin active in the Caribbean against Spain and Brazil against Portugal

Age of the Buccaneers: 1650–1690

Although Jean Bart was born the son of a fisherman, he was able to retire as an Admiral in French service on the strength of his captures during his time as a privateer.

William Dampier was the first Englishman to explore or map parts of New Holland (Australia) and New Guinea, and was also the first person to circumnavigate the world three times.

File:Pierre LeGrand.jpg

Known only for a single attack against a Spanish galleon (pictured), Pierre le Grand's existence is disputed.

Henry Morgan was a privateer (and pirate) who later retired to become Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica.

François l'Ollonais was nicknamed "Flail of the Spaniards" and had a reputation for brutality – offering no quarter to Spanish prisoners.

Roche Braziliano had a reputation for violence, and once roasted two Spanish farmers when they refused to hand over their pigs.

Name	Life	Years active	Country of origin	Comments
Vincenzo Alessandri	d. 1657		Italy	Originally a Knight of Malta, Alessandri was captured and enslaved.
Michiel Andrieszoon	17th century	1680s	Netherlands	Dutch merchant-pirate. Associated with Thomas Paine and Laurens de Graff.
John Ansell	d. 1689		England	Sailed with Henry Morgan and participated in his raids against Maracaibo and Gibraltar, Venezuela.
Jean Bart	1651–1702	1672–1697	France	Born the son of a fisherman, Bart retired an Admiral in French service.
Michel Etchegorria "le basque"	17th century	1660–1668	France	Sailed with Jean-David Nau l´Ollonais and participated in his raids against Maracaibo and Gibraltar, Venezuela.
Philippe Bequel	17th century	1650–1669	France	Was one of the first foreign privateers awarded a letter of marque by the governor of Jamaica
Jacob Janssen van den Bergh	fl. 1660	1650s–1660s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair and slave trader for the Dutch West India Company.
Lancelot Blackburne	1653–1743	1680–1684	England	Blackburne was an English clergyman, who became Archbishop of York, and – in popular belief – a pirate.
Eduardo Blomar	d. 1679	1670s	Spain	Spanish renegade active in the Spanish Main during the 1670s. Tried in absentia and convicted of piracy with Bartolomé Charpes and Juan Guartem in Panama in 1679.
Pierre Bot	17th century	1680s	France	French buccaneer active in the Caribbean.
Manuel Butiens	fl. 1645	1640s	Netherlands	Dutch renegade and Dunkirker in the service of Spain.
Bartolomé Charpes	d. 1679	1680s	Spain	Spanish renegade who was tried in absentia and convicted of piracy with Eduardo Blomar and Juan Guartem in Panama by Governor Don Dionicio Alceda in 1679.
Edward Collier	17th century	1668–1671	England	Served as Sir Henry Morgan's second-in-command throughout much of his expeditions against Spain during the mid-17th century.
John Cooke (Cook)	d. 1683	1680s	England	English buccaneer who led an expedition against the Spanish in the early 1680s.
John Coxon	d. 1689	1677–1682	England	One of the most famous of the Brethren of the Coast, a loose consortium of pirates and privateers who were active on the Spanish Main.
William Dampier	1651–1715	1670–1688	England	Was the first person to circumnavigate the world three times.
Edward Davis	17th century	1680–1688	England	Led the last major buccaneer raid against Panama.
John Davis (Robert Searle)	18th century		England	Davis was one of the earliest and most active buccaneers on Jamaica.
Jacquotte Delahaye	17th century	1660s	France	Delahaye was a French Buccaneer, and together with Anne Dieu-Le-Veut was one of very few female buccaneers.
Anne Dieu-Le-Veut	b. 1650	1650–1704	France	Was originally one of the women – "Filles de Roi" – sent by the French government to Tortuga to become wives to the local male colonists.
Charlotte de Berry	17th century	1660s	England	A female pirate, she later commanded her own ship.
Cornelius Essex	d. 1680	1670s	England	An English buccaneer who took part in Captain Bartholomew Sharp's privateering expedition, the "Pacific Adventure", during the late 1670s.
Laurens de Graaf	1653–1704	1672–1697	Netherlands	Characterised as "a great and mischievous pirate" by Henry Morgan, de Graaf was a Dutch pirate, mercenary, and naval officer in the service of the French colony of Saint-Domingue.
Michel de Grammont	1645–1686	1670–1686	France	A French buccaneer, de Grammont primarily attacked Spanish holdings in Maracaibo, Gibraltar, Trujillo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Cumana and Veracruz
Jean du Casse	1646–1715	168?–1697	France	Born to Huguenot parents, du Casse was allowed to join the French navy on the value of his prizes taken while a buccaneer.
Alexandre Exquemelin	1645–1707	1669–1674 1697	France	A French writer, most known as the author of one of the most important sourcebooks of 17th century piracy, De Americaensche Zee-Roovers.
Jean Foccard	17th century	1680s	France	Associate of Laurens de Graaf and Michel de Grammont. He later joined them in their attack on Tampico in 1682.
"Red Legs" Greaves	17th Century		Scotland	Greaves's nickname was based on a commonly used term for reddened legs often seen among the Scottish and Irish who took to wearing kilts in almost any weather. Notably his raid of Margarita island.
Juan Guartem	17th century	1670s	Spain	A Spanish renegade pirate who raided Spanish settlements in New Spain during the late 17th century with his most notable raid being against Chepo in 1679.
Peter Harris	d. 1680	1670s	England	English buccaneer and member of Captain Bartholomew Sharp's "Pacific Expedition". Killed at Panama in 1680.
Jean Hamlin (Hamilton)	17th century	1680s	Anglo-French	French buccaneer active in the Caribbean. Later hunted down by Captain John Coxon.
Richard Hawkins	1562–1622	1593–1594	England	A buccaneer and explorer who was later knighted.
George Hout (d'Hout)	fl. 1687	1680s	England	English buccaneer who joined Francois Grogniet and Pierre le Picard in their raid on Guayaquil in 1687.
Edward Low	17th century	c. 1635–c. 1668	England	British pirate active in the Caribbean during the 1660s.
William Jackson	17th century	1639–1645	England	It was the fleet under his command that captured Jamaica for England.
Bartholomeus de Jager	fl. 1655	1650s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair active against the Portuguese. He attacked a small merchant fleet at Fernando Noronha capturing one merchant ship and driving off the other.
Daniel Johnson	1629–1675	1657–1675	England	Became known as "Johnson the Terror" amongst the Spanish.
William Knight	17th century	1684–1686	England	Along with Edward Davis, he took part in the final large buccaneer attack on Spanish holdings.
Pierre Le Grand	17th century		France	Known only for a single attack against a Spanish galleon, his existence is disputed.
Raveneau de Lussan	b. 1663	1684–1688	France	An impoverished nobleman. Attacked targets in Central America. Known for a “long march” in 1688.
Thomas Magott (Mackett)	17th century	1680s	England	English buccaneer who sailed with Bartholomew Sharp and others on the "Pacific Adventure".
Edward Mansvelt (Mansfield)	d. 1666	1650s–1660s	Curaçao	Dutch buccaneer in English service. Known as the Admiral of the "Brethren of the Coast", Mansvelt was a mentor to Sir Henry Morgan who succeeded him following his death.
Marquis de Maintenon	1648–1691	1672–1676	France	A French nobleman who became a buccaneer in the Caribbean, selling his castle and title to Madame de Maintenon. Remarkable his raid of Margarita island.
David Marteen	17th century	1663–1665	Netherlands	Known primarily as the sole non-English Captain who participated in the raids against Spanish strongholds in present-day Mexico and Nicaragua.
Daniel Montbars (Exterminator)	1645–1701?	1660s–1670s	France	A former French naval officer and gentleman adventurer, he engaged in a violent and destructive war against Spain in the Caribbean and the Spanish Main. His hatred of the Spanish earned him the name "Montbars the Exterminator".
Sir Henry Morgan	1635–1688	1663–1674	Wales	A privateer (and pirate) who later retired to become Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. he participated in his raids againstPanama, Maracaibo, Gibraltar, Porto Bello.
John Morris	17th century	1663–1672	England	A skilled pilot, he served with both Christopher Myngs and Henry Morgan before becoming a pirate hunter.
Sir Christopher Myngs	1625–1666	1650s–1660s	England	Described as "unhinged and out of tune" by the governor of Jamaica, Myngs nevertheless became a Vice-Admiral of the Blue in the Royal Navy. In 1658 raided the coast of South-America; failing to capture a Spanish treasure fleet, he destroyed Tolú and Santa Marta in present-day Colombia instead. In 1659 he plundered Cumaná, Puerto Cabello and Coro in present-day Venezuela.
François l'Ollonais (Jean-David Nau)	1635–1668	1660–1668	France	Nicknamed "Flail of the Spaniards", l'Ollonais had a reputation for brutality, offering no quarter to Spanish prisoners. Famous by his raids against Maracaibo and Gibraltar, Venezuela.
Pierre Le Picard	fl. 1666–1690	1660s–1690s	France	An officer under l'Ollonais, he and Moise Vauquelin left to pursue a career on their own. He later served in King William's War.
Chevalier du Plessis	d. 1668	1660s	France	French privateer active in the West Indies. He was succeeded by Moise Vauquelin following his death.
Baron Jean de Pointis	1635–1707	1690s	France	His greatest venture was the 1697 Raid of Cartagena.
Thomas Pound	d. 1703	1689	England	Briefly commanded a small ship near Massachusetts before being captured.
Bartolomeu Português	b. 1630	1666–1669	Portugal	One of the earliest pirates to use a pirate code.
Lawrence Prince	fl. 1659–1672	1650s–1670s	Netherlands	Dutch buccaneer in English service. An officer under Sir Henry Morgan, he and John Morris led the vanguard at Panama in 1671.
Roche Braziliano	17th century	1654–1671	Netherlands	Roasted two Spanish farmers alive when they refused to hand over their pigs.
Philip Ras	fl. 1652–1655	1650s	Netherlands	Captured several English ships as both a corsair and privateer during the First Anglo-Dutch War.
Thomas Paine	17th century	1680s	England	A colonial American privateer who raided several settlements in the West Indies with Jan Willems, most notably against Rio de la Hacha in 1680. He also drove the French from Block Island.
Manuel Ribeiro Pardal	d. 1671	1668–1671	Portugal	Portuguese privateer in the service of Spain. One of the few successful privateers active against the buccaneers of the Caribbean during the late 17th century.
Stenka Razin	1630–1671		Russia	A Cossack pirate who operated on the Volga and later expanded into the Caspian Sea.
Richard Sawkins	d. 1680	1679–1680	England	Participated, along with John Coxon and Bartholomew Sharp, in the surprise attack on Santa Marta
Lewis Scot	fl. 1663	1660s	England	Known for his attack on the city of Campeche, on the Yucatan Peninsula.
Bartholomew Sharp	1650–1690	1679–1682	England	Plundered 25 Spanish ships and numerous small towns.
Gustav Skytte	1637–1663	1657–1663	Sweden	Attacked ships in the Baltic Sea, along with other accomplices of noble descent.
Bernard Claesen Speirdyke	fl. 1663–1670	1660s–1670s	Netherlands	Dutch buccaneer active in the Caribbean, he was captured by Captain Manuel Ribeiro Pardal near Cuba and later executed.
Charles Swan	17th century		England	A reluctant pirate, he begged for a pirate even as he looted his way around South America.
Jacques Tavernier (Le Lyonnais)	1625–1673	1664–1673	France	French buccaneer who took part in expeditions with Laurens de Graaf, Michel de Grammont, Pierre Le Grand, François l'Ollonais and Sir Henry Morgan before his execution in 1673. His existence is disputed as the only pre-20th century reference to him appears in Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography.
Nicholas (Nikolaas) van Hoorn	1635–1683	1663–1683	Netherlands	Merchant, privateer and later pirate, van Hoorn was hugely successful before dying of wound infection.
Cornelis Janszoon van de Velde	fl. 1655	1650s	Netherlands	Dutch corsair active near the Antillen, he was briefly associated with Bartholomeus de Jager.
Moise Vauquelin (Moses Vanclein)	fl. 1650–1672	1650s–1670s	France	An officer under l'Ollonais, he also had a partnership with Pierre le Picard. In his later years, he wrote a book detailing the coastline of Honduras and the Yucatan along with fellow buccaneer Philippe Bequel.
Lionel Wafer	1640–1705	1679–1688	Wales	An explorer whose work helped inspire the Darien Scheme.
Yankey (Janke) Willems	fl. 1681–1687	1680s	Netherlands	Dutch buccaneer active in the Caribbean.
William Wright	17th century	1675–1682	England	Despite being English, Wright was active as a privateer under a French commission. He later became a buccaneer.

Golden Age of Piracy: 1690–1730

The most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, Black Bart was estimated to have captured more than 470 vessels.

With his fearsome appearance, Blackbeard is often credited with the creation of the stereotypical image of a pirate.

Despite never commanding a ship herself, Anne Bonny is remembered as one of few female historical pirates.

Henry Every (or Avery) is famous as one of the few pirates of the era who was able to retire with his takings without being either arrested or killed in battle.

Although modern historians dispute the legitimacy of his trial and execution, the rumour of Captain Kidd's buried treasure has served only to build a legend around the man as a great pirate.

Name	Life	Years Active	Country of origin	Comments
Thomas Anstis	d. 1723	1718–1723	England	Was mainly active in the Caribbean, and served under first Howell Davis and later Bartholomew Roberts.
Adam Baldridge	?	fl. c. 1685–1697	England	English pirate and one of the early founders of the pirate settlements in Madagascar.
Bartholomew Roberts (Black Bart)	1682–1722	1719–1722	Wales	The most successful pirate of the Golden Age of Piracy, estimated to have captured more than 470 vessels.
George Booth	d. 1700	1696–1700	England	One of the earliest pirates active in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea.
John Bowen	d. 1704	1700–1704	Bermuda	Was active in the Indian Ocean, his contemporaries included George Booth and Nathaniel North.
Samuel Bellamy (Black Sam)	1689–1717	1716–1717	Hittisleigh, Devonshire, England	Despite having a career of only 16 months, Bellamy was extraordinarily successful, capturing more than 50 ships before his death at age 28. His acquired wealth of five tons of treasure from his short career is speculated at US $120 million in 2008 dollars, making him the top-earning pirate in the Golden Age of piracy. Bellamy began his pirate career under the command of Henry Jennings, a Buccaneer that turned pirate; but double-crossing Jennings, Bellamy fled to the Bahamas and joined Jennings' nemesis, Benjamin Hornigold of the Mary Anne. But quickly growing wearisome of Hornigold's refusal to attack English ships, Bellamy called for a vote of no confidence, and the crew ousted Hornigold and Blackbeard by a majority vote, electing Bellamy as captain. Bellamy's prize flagship, Whydah Galley, discovered by underwater explorer Barry Clifford in 1984, is currently the world's only fully authenticated Golden Age pirate shipwreck ever found.
Blackbeard (Edward Teach)	1680–1718	1716–1718	England	With his fearsome appearance, Blackbeard is often credited with the creation of the stereotypical image of a pirate. Though his real name remains unknown, he began his pirate career as the first officer of Buccaneer-turned-pirate Captain Benjamin Hornigold of the Mary Anne. When a young crewman, Samuel Bellamy, called for a vote of no confidence in Hornigold for his refusal to attack English ships, the crew by a vote ousted Hornigold and Blackbeard, leaving the Mary Anne to Bellamy whom the crew elected their new captain.
Black Caesar	d. 1718	1700s–1718	Africa	A captured slave turned pirate, Black Caesar was a well-known pirate active off the Florida Keys during the early 18th century. He later acted as a lieutenant to Blackbeard and was one of five Africans serving on his flagship.
Stede Bonnet	1688–1718	1717–1718	Barbados	Nicknamed "The Gentleman Pirate", Bonnet was born into a wealthy family before turning to piracy.
Anne Bonny	1698–1782	to 1725	Ireland	Despite never commanding a ship herself, Anne Bonny is remembered as one of few female historical pirates.
Nicholas Brown	d. 1726	to 1726	England	Active off the coast of Jamaica, Brown was eventually killed – and his head pickled – by childhood friend John Drudge.
Dirk Chivers	early 18th century	1694–1699	Netherlands	Active in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, Chivers later retired from piracy and returned to the Netherlands.
Thomas Cocklyn	early 18th century	1717 to death	England	Primarily known for his association with Howell Davis and Oliver La Buze, Cocklyn's activities after 1719 are unknown.
Christopher Condent	d. 1770	1718–1720	England	After entering into piracy in 1718, Condent later took a prize of £150,000 and retired to France, becoming a wealthy merchant.
William Condon	d. 1721	to 1721	England	Captaining the Fiery Dragon, Condon was killed when she caught fire and sank.
Robert Culliford	early 18th century	1690–1698	England	The former first mate of William Kidd, Culliford led a first mutiny against Kidd, stealing his ship Blessed William.
Alexander Dalzeel	1662–1715	1685–1715	Scotland	Served under Henry Every. Was captured four times before finally being hanged.
Howell Davis	1690–1719	1718–1719	Wales	Having a career that lasted only 11 months, Davis was ambushed during an attempt to kidnap the governor of Príncipe.
Edward England	1690–1720	1717–1720	Ireland	Differing from many other pirates of his day, England did not kill captives unless necessary.
John Evans	d. 1723	1722–1723	Wales	After an unsuccessful career as a legitimate sailor, Evans turned to piracy – initially raiding houses from a small canoe.
Henry Every (Avery)	b. 1653	1695–1696	England	Famous as one of the few pirates of the era who was able to retire with his takings without being either arrested or killed in battle.
John Fenn	d. 1723	to 1723	England	Sailed with Bartholomew Roberts and, later, Thomas Anstis.
William Fly	d. 1726	to 1726	England	Raided off the New England coast before being captured and hanged at Boston, Massachusetts.
Ingela Gathenhielm	1692–1729	1718–1721	Sweden	Widow of Lars Gathenhielm, active on the Baltic Sea.
Lars Gathenhielm	1689–1718	1710–1718	Sweden	Active on the Baltic Sea
Charles Harris	d. 1723	to 1723	England	Joining the Barbary corsairs, Harris converted to Islam, before being captured and later hanged.
John Halsey	d. 1708	1705–1708	Colonial America	Active in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, Halsey is remembered by Defoe as "brave in his Person, courteous to all his Prisoners, lived beloved, and died regretted by his own People."
Miguel Henríquez	b. 1680	early 18th century	Spain / Puerto Rico	Although born a shoemaker, Henríquez was later awarded a letter of marque by Spain for his actions against the British.
Benjamin Hornigold	d. 1719	1717–1719	England	Known for being less aggressive than other pirates, Hornigold once captured a ship for the sole purpose of seizing the crew's hats.
Thomas Howard	early 18th century	1698–1703	England	Howard served under both George Booth and John Bowen and later commanded the Prosperous.
"Calico Jack" John Rackham	1682–1720	to 1720	England	Earned his nickname for the colourful calico clothes that he wore.
Henry Jennings	d. 1745	1715	England	Although later governor of the pirate haven of New Providence, Jennings only carried out two pirate acts – gaining an estimated 410,000 pesos.
John Julian	d. 1733	1716–1717	Miskito origins	Recorded as the first black pirate to operate in the New World.
James Kelly (James Gilliam)	d. 1701	to 1699	England	Active in the Indian Ocean, Kelly was a long-time associate of William Kidd.
William "Captain" Kidd	1645–1701	1695–1699	Scotland	Although modern historians dispute the legitimacy of his trial and execution, the rumor of Captain Kidd's buried treasure has served only to build a legend around the man as a great pirate. His property was claimed by the crown and given to the Royal Hospital, Greenwich, by Queen Anne.
John King (pirate)	c. 1706/9-1717	1716-1717	England	Although not ever a captain, King joined the crew of Sam Bellamy when they boarded the ship he was on, and is the youngest known pirate on record. His age is disputed at anywhere from 8–11 years.
Olivier Levasseur (Oliver La Buse)	1680–1730	1716–1730	France	Nicknamed "la Buse" (the Buzzard) for the speed with which he attacked his targets, Levasseur left behind a cryptic message that has yet to be deciphered fully today.
Edward "Ned" Low	1690–1724	1721–1724	England	A pirate known for his vicious tortures, his methods were described as having "done credit to the ingenuity of the Spanish Inquisition in its darkest days".
George Lowther	d. 1723	to 1723	England	Active in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, one of Lowther's lieutenants included Edward Low.
Christopher Moody	d. 1718	1713–1718	England	Active off North and South Carolina, Moody offered no quarter to captured crews, signified by his flying of a red standard.
Nathaniel North	b. 1672	1689–1704 1707–1709	Bermuda	Active in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea, North served with other famous contemporaries, including John Bowen and George Booth.
James Plantain	early 18th century		Jamaica	Plantain ruled the island of Madagascar between 1725 and 1728, primarily through fear, and was known as the "King of Ranter Bay".
John Quelch	1666–1704	1703–1704	England	Quelch was the first person tried for piracy outside England under Admiralty Law and therefore without a jury.
Mary Read	1690–1721	to 1720	England	Along with Anne Bonny, one of few female historical pirates. When captured, Read escaped hanging by claiming she was pregnant, but died soon after of a fever while still in prison.
Woodes Rogers	1679–1732	1709–1710	England	Played a major role in the suppression of pirates in the Caribbean.
Francis Spriggs	d. 1725	to 1725	England	Along with George Lowther and Edward Low, Spriggs was primarily active in the Bay of Honduras during the early 1720s.
John Taylor	early 18th century		England	At Reunion Island, Taylor is reputed to have captured the most valuable prize in pirate history.
Thomas Tew	d. 1695	1692–1695	England	Despite only going on two pirate voyages, Tew pioneered a route later known as the Pirate Round.
Charles Vane	1680–1720	1716–1720	England	Disliked due to his cruelty, Vane showed little respect for the pirate code, cheating his crew out of their shares in the takings.
Richard Worley	d. 1719	to 1719	England	Credited as one of the first pirates to fly the skull and crossbones pirate flag.
Emanuel Wynn	early 18th century		France	Was the first pirate to fly the Jolly Roger. His design, however, also incorporate an hourglass below the skull.

After the Golden Age: Pirates, Privateers, Smugglers, and River Pirates: 1730-1860

Name	Life	Years Active	Country of origin	Comments
Peter Alston	1765–1804	1797–1804	United States	River pirate, highwayman, and counterfeiter, alias James May, who was believed to be an associate of the Samuel Mason and Micajah "Big" Harpe and Wiley "Little" Harpe.
Louis-Michel Aury	1788–1821	1810–1821	France	French privateer, served to the Republics of Venezuela and Mexico.
Joseph Baker	d. 1800	1800	Canada	The single piratical action of his career consisted of an unsuccessful attempt to commandeer the sloop Eliza.
Renato Beluche	1780–1860	1803–1823	Louisiana, New Spain	A known associate of the Lafitte Brothers active in the Caribbean before joining Simon Bolivar army in his fight for South American independence.
Hippolyte Bouchard	1780–1843	1817–1819	France	A French and Argentine sailor who fought for Argentina, Chile and Peru.
Luis Brion de Trox	1782–1821	1806–1821	Curazao	Dutch privateer, served to the Republics of Venezuela and Great Colombia.
Flora Burn	fl. 1741	1740s–1750s	England	Female pirate active mainly off the East coast of North America from 1741.
Henri Caesar	early 19th century	1805–1830	Haiti	Haitian pirate active in the Caribbean during the early 19th century.
Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey	1700–1760	1720s–1740s	England	Cobham and his wife, Maria, were primarily active in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Roberto Cofresí	1791-1825	1818-1823	Puerto Rico	Puerto Rican pirate active mainly in the Caribbean sea. He was executed by the Spanish in 1825.
James Copeland	1823-1857	1830s-1857	United States	A leader of a gang of pirates, smugglers, and outlaws in southern Mississippi and southern Alabama, around Mobile, known as the Wages and Copeland Clan.
James Ford	1770?–1833	1799?-1833	United States	A civic leader and business owner in western Kentucky and southern Illinois, secretly, was the leader of a gang of river pirates and highwaymen, along the Ohio River, known as the "Ford's Ferry Gang."
Hezekiah Frith	Early 19th century	1790s–1800s	Bermuda	British ship owner and smuggler known as Bermuda's "gentleman privateer". Alleged to have used his business as a cover to withhold cargo sized in privateering expeditions and amass a small fortune.
Vincent Gambi	d. 1820		Italy	A pirate based out of New Orleans, he was an associate of Jean Lafitte.
José Gaspar (Gasparilla)	1756–1821	1783–1821	Spain	Though a popular figure in Florida folklore, there is no pre-20th century evidence of his existence.
Catherine Hagerty and Charlotte Badger	early 19th century	1806	England	Australian convicts. Among a group of convicts taken on board a shorthanded ship as crew. The convicts commandeered the ship and sailed for New Zealand. Hagerty was put ashore and died, Badger was never seen again.
Micajah and Wiley Harpe	1768–1799 (Micajah) 1770–1804 (Wiley)	1797–1799 (Micajah) 1797–1804 (Wiley)	United States	America's first known serial killers, were Loyalists in the American Revolution, as well as, river pirates and highwaymen, who preyed on travelers along the Ohio River and the waterways of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois. The Harpe Brothers were associates of Samuel Mason and Peter Alston.
Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah	1760–1826	1780–1826	Kuwait	The most famous pirate in the Persian Gulf, he ruled over Qatar and Dammam for short periods and fought alongside the Wahhabis against the Al-Khalifa tribe of Bahrain.
Bill Johnston	1782–1870	1810–1860	United States	Nicknamed "Pirate of the Thousand Islands".
Edward Jordan	1771–1809	1794–1809	Canada	Irish rebel, fisherman and pirate of Nova Scotia.
Jorgen Jorgensen	1780–1841	1807–1808	Denmark	Danish adventurer and writer, he was captured by the British as a privateer during the Napoleonic Wars.
Jean Lafitte	c. 1776–1826?	1803–1815 1817–1820s	France	French pirate (or privateer) active in the Gulf of Mexico during the early 1800s. A wanted fugitive by the United States, he later participated, during the War of 1812, in the Battle of New Orleans on the side of Andrew Jackson and the Americans. In 1822, Lafitte approached the navy of Gran Colombia and Simon Bolivar granted a commission and given a new ship, a 40-ton schooner named General Santander.
Pierre Lafitte	1770–1821	1803–1821	France	French pirate, and lesser-known brother of Jean Lafitte, active mainly in the Gulf of Mexico.
Narciso Lopez	1797–1851	1850–1851	Venezuela	Venezuelan adventurer, enlisted in United States about six hundred filibusters and successfully reached Cuba in May 1850. His troops arrived took the town of Cárdenas, carrying a flag that López had designed, which later became the flag of modern Cuba. He was executed in Havana by the royalist in 1851.
Sam Hall Lord	1778–1844	1800s–1840s	Barbados	Sam Lord was one of the most famous buccaneers on the island of Barbados.
Kazimierz Lux	1780–1846	1803–1819	Poland	The Polish Pirates of the Caribbean. After pacifying the slave rebellion in Haiti, Lux started a career of piracy - shooting and boarding an American brig was one of his more spectacular successes; the vessel was later sold for 20 000 francs in Havana.
Gregor MacGregor	1786–1845	1810–1830	Scotland	Adventurer, land speculator, and colonizer who fought in Venezuela and New Granada struggle for independence. In 1817 led an army of only 150 men in an assault on Amelia Island, Florida. After his return to Britain in 1820, he claimed to be cacique of Poyais a fictional Central American country that MacGregor had invented which, with his promotional efforts, drew investors and eventually colonists.
Francisco de Miranda	1750–1816	1806	Venezuela	Venezuelan militar and adventurer, who organized in 1806 two private filibustering expeditions from New York and Trinidad with the intention of liberate Venezuela under Spanish rule since XVI siecle. On April 28 of 1806 the small fleet was overtaken by Spanish war ships off the coast of Venezuela. Only the Leander escaped. The Backus and Bee were captured with all the revolutionaries. Sixty men were put on trial for piracy and Ten were sentenced to death in Puerto Cabello. The Leander and the expeditionary force regrouped on the British islands of Barbados and Trinidad, assisted by HMS Lilly. The new expedition landed at La Vela de Coro on August 3, captured the fort and raised the flag for the first time on Venezuelan soil. Before dawn the next morning the expeditionaries occupied Coro, but found no support from the city residents and Miranda returned to England.
Samuel Mason	1739–1803	to 1803	United States	Initially, an Revolutionary War Patriot captain in the Ohio County, Virginia militia and an associate judge and squire in Kentucky, Mason later, ran a gang of highway robbers and waterways river pirates.
John A. Murrell	1806?–1844	to 1834	United States	Near-legendary bandit, known as the "Great Western Land Pirate," ran a gang of river pirates and highwaymen along the Mississippi River.
Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez	1853–1883	1876-1877	Peru	Prado a Peruvian mariner with Cuban revolutionaries seized the Spanish ship Moctezuma in the Caribbean sea at North of La Hispaniola. Renamed as Cespedes failed to liberate Cuba under Spanish rule. Realizing how the ship remained in the hands of the royalist navy, Prado ordered his men to leave and lit a barrel of gunpowder inside of the ammunition storage facilities.
Robert Surcouf	1779-1823	1789–1908	France	French privateer and slave trader who operated in the Indian Ocean between 1789 and 1801, and again from 1807 to 1808, capturing over 40 prizes, while amassing a large fortune as a ship-owner, both from privateering and from commerce.
Rachel Wall	1760-1789	1781–1782	Province of Pennsylvania	Rachel and her husband George Wall were active off the New Hampshire coast until George and the crew were washed out to sea. She was hanged in Boston on 8 October 1789.
William Walker	1824–1860	1852–1860	United States	American lawyer, journalist and adventurer, who organized several private military expeditions into Latin America, with the intention of establishing English-speaking colonies under his personal control. Walker became president of the Republic of Nicaragua in 1856 and ruled until 1857, when he was defeated by a coalition of Central American armies. He was executed in Trujillo by the government of Honduras in 1860.
Alexander White	d. 1784	fl. 1784	East Coast of America	Hanged for piracy in Cambridge, Massachusetts in November 1784.
Dominique You	1775–1830	1802–1814	Haiti	Acquired a reputation for daring as a pirate. Retired to become a politician in New Orleans.

Renegades of the West Indies: 1820-1830

Roberto Cofresi was Puerto Rico's most famous pirate and was regarded by many as the Puerto Rican equivalent of Robin Hood.

Name	Life	Years Active	Country of origin	Comments
Mansel Alcantra (Alcantara)	fl. 1829	1820s	Spain	In 1829, he captured the Topaz off St. Helena and had the entire crew murdered.
Roberto Cofresí	1791–1825	1818-1825	Puerto Rico	Puerto Rico's most famous pirate, regarded by many as the Puerto Rican equivalent of Robin Hood.
Diabolito (Little Devil)	d. 1823		Cuba	Cuban-born pirate active in the Caribbean during the early 19th century. He was one of the first pirates to be hunted down by Commodore David Porter and the Mosquito Fleet during the early 1820s.
Charles Gibbs	1798–1831	1816–1831	United States	One of the last pirates active in the Caribbean, and one of the last people executed for piracy by the United States.
"Don" Pedro Gilbert	1800–1834	1832–1834	Colombia	Took part in the last recorded incident of piracy in Atlantic waters.
Benito de Soto	1805–1830	1827–1830	Spain	The most notorious of the last generation to attack shipping on the Atlantic Ocean.
Jacque Alexander Tardy	1767-1827	1817-1827	France

Piracy in East and South-East Asia: 1830-1860

Name	Life	Years Active	Country of origin	Comments
Tuanku Abbas	early 19th century	to 1844	Malay Archipelago	The brother of a rajah of Achin, known for his sponsoring and leading of pirate raids.
Eli Boggs	1810–1857	1830–1857	United States	Pirate who sailed in Chinese junk for smuggling.
Cheng I	d. 1807	to 1807	China	A pirate on the Chinese coast in the 18h and 19th centuries.
Cheung Po Tsai	early 19th century	to 1810	China	Active along the Guangdong coast and is said to have commanded a fleet of 600 junks.
Ching Shih	d. 1844	1807–1810	China	A prominent female pirate in late Qing China.
Chui A-poo	d. 1851?	1840s–1850	China	Based in Bias Bay east of Hong Kong, Chui preyed on opium ships in the South China Sea until his fleet was destroyed by the British in 1849.
Shap Ng-tsai	fl. 1840s	1845–1849	China	Commanded around 70 junks in the South China Sea before retiring and accepting a pardon from the Chinese government.

Blackbirders, Shanghaiers, Crimps and African Slave Traders: 1860-1900

Name	Life	Years Active	Country of origin	Comments
Nathaniel Gordon	1834–1862	1860	United States	The first and only American slave trader to be tried, convicted, and executed "for being engaged in the Slave Trade" in accordance with the Piracy Law of 1820.
Bully Hayes	1829–1877	1850–1877	United States	The Pirate of the South Sea, was a notorious blackbirder in the South Pacific, and was described as "the last of the Buccaneers".
Albert W. Hicks	1820–1860	1860	United States	New York waterfront thug who killed the 3-man crew of an oyster sloop after being shanghaied. He was the last man hung for piracy in the United States.
James "Shanghai" Kelly	1830-1890	1850-1870	United States	A legendary figure in San Francisco history who owned several boarding houses and saloons, Kelly was renowned for his ability to supply men to understaffed ships. He was reported to have shanghaied 100 men for three ships in a single evening, by hosting a free booze cruise to celebrate his "birthday", then serving opium-laced whiskey to knock out his guests.
Joseph "Bunko" Kelly	d. aft. 1908	1879–1894	England	The "King of the Crimps" in Portland, Oregon, he shanghaiied over 2,000 men in all. In 1893, he delivered 20+ men who had mistakenly consumed embalming fluid from the open cellar of a mortuary. The ship sailed off before the captain realized most of the men were dead.
Ben Pease	1837-1870	1860-1870	United States	A New England sea captain who kidnapped Pacific Islanders aboard the Pioneer, providing labor for the plantations of Fiji. When Bully Hayes was arrested for piracy in Samoa, Pease helped him to escape. When next the Pioneer returned to port, Hayes was at the helm, and was rumored to have killed Pease during a fight.

Piracy in the 20th and 21st centuries: 1901-

Name	Life	Years Active	Country of origin	Comments
Rafael de Nogales Mendez	1879–1936	1902	Venezuela	With the support of president Zelaya of Nicaragua, Nogales participated in a failed attempt to overthrow Venezuelan dictator Cipriano Castro involving an expedition aboard of schooner La Libertad. The forces landed in La Guajira peninsula but were defeated by general Antonio Davila in Carazua.
Felix von Luckner	1881–1966	1916–1917	Germany	German navy officer nobleman privateer who the epithet Der Seeteufel (the Sea-Devil) -- and his crew that of Die Piraten des Kaisers (the Emperor's Pirates) -- for his exploits in command of the sailing commerce raider SMS Seeadler (Windjammer) (Sea Eagle) in 1916–1917, during World War I.
Gustavo Machado Morales	1898–1987	1929	Venezuela	Participated in Rafael Simón Urbina 's June 1929 taking of Fort Amsterdam in Curaçao, in another failed attempt to overthrow dictator Juan Vicente Gómez involving 250 men. This attempt involved the kidnapping of the governor of Curaçao, Leonardus Albert Fruytier who was hauled off to invade Venezuela on the stolen American ship Maracaibo. After this raid was defeated by Gómez forces he went into exile in Colombia with Urbina and others revolutionaries.
Rafael Simon Urbina	1897–1952	1929	Venezuela	Participated in Gustavo Machado Morales 's June 1929 taking of Fort Amsterdam in Curaçao, involving 250 men. This attempt involved the kidnapping of the governor of Curaçao, Leonardus Albert Fruytier who was hauled off to invade Venezuela on the stolen American ship Maracaibo. After this raid was defeated he went into exile in Colombia with Machado and others revolutionaries.
Roman Delgado Chalbaud	1882–1929	1929	Venezuela	On 11 August 1929 Delgado Chalbaud led the steamship Falke, (renamed General Anzoátegui for the occasion) into Cumaná in a failed attempt to overthrow Venezuelan dictator Juan Vicente Gomez. Met by government troops, the expeditionary force of 250-300 men soon ran into problems. Delgado was killed on the first day, and on 24 August, the leaders of the expedition surrendered. Venezuela's roving diplomat in Europe, José Ignacio Cárdenas, had reported on the planned expedition, which helped defeat it.
Boysie Singh	1908–1957	1947–1956	Trinidad	Active in the waters between Venezuela and Trinidad. Singh commonly attacked fishing boats, killing the crew and stealing the boat engine, before sinking the boat and selling the engine.
"Roaring" Dan Seavey	1867–1949	1900–1930	United States	Active in the American Great Lakes.
Peter de Neumann	1917–1972	21 June 1941	United Kingdom	Second Officer aboard the RN prize vessel Criton (captured from the Vichy French). Widely known as "The Man From Timbuctoo".
Henrique Galvão	1895–1970	1961	Portugal	On January 22, 1961, Henrique Galvão led the Santa Maria hijacking, also known as Operation Dulcinea. The Portuguese revolutionaries isolated the vessel by cutting off all communication, and killed one officer and wounded several others. Galvão used the hijacking to send radio broadcasts from the ship calling attention to his concerns and views on what he characterized as the president Salazar regime of fascism. The liner evaded both the U.S. Navy and British Royal Navy for eleven days before docking safely at Recife, Brazil.
Paul del Rio	1943–2015	1963	Venezuela	On 13 February 1963 Paul del Rio at the age of 19 was the leader of a Venezuelan revolutionary group of the Armed Forces of National Liberation that seized the Venezuelan cargo ship Anzoategui in Caribbean Sea, in a failed attempt to overthrow Romulo Betancourt. Involving 25 men the ship was hauled off to Brazilian coast evading both the Venezuelan Navy and the U.S. Navy.
Asad 'Booyah' Abdulahi	1966-	1998-	Somalia	Somali pirate boss, active in capturing ships in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean for ransoms.
Abdul Hassan	1969-	2005-	Somalia	Somali pirate nicknamed "the one who never sleeps". Leader of the 350-men strong group "Central Regional Coast Guard", active in capturing ships for ransoms.
Abduwali Muse	1990-	2008-2009	Somalia	In 16 February 2011, Muse was a defendant in the first piracy trial in the United States in almost two centuries.

Further reading

Ancient World

• Bulwer, Edward Lytton. Athens, Its Rise and Fall: With Views of the Literature, Philosophy, and Social Life of the Athenian People. New York: Harper & brothers Publishers, 1852.
• Livy, History of Rome, Rev. Canon Roberts (translator), Ernest Rhys (Ed.); (1905) London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd.
• Plutarch, "Aratus" in Plutarch's Lives, Arthur Hugh Clough (editor), John Dryden (translator). Two volumes. Modern Library; Modern Library Paperback Ed edition (April 10, 2001). Downloadable version at Project Gutenberg. Vol. 2: ISBN 0-375-75677-9.
• Polybius, Histories, Evelyn S. Shuckburgh (translator); London, New York. Macmillan (1889); Reprint Bloomington (1962).
• Pritchett, William Kendrick. The Greek State at War. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1974. ISBN 0-520-02565-2
• Rawlinson, George; Benjamin Jowett, Henry Graham Dakyns and Edward James Chinnock. Greek Historians: The Complete and Unabridged Historical Works of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon and Arrian. New York: Random House Incorporated, 1942.
• Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X
• Shaw, Philip. The Sublime. New York: Routledge, 2006. ISBN 0-415-26847-8
• Strabo, Geography, translated by Horace Leonard Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. (1924). Books 8-9: ISBN 0-674-99216-4, Books 13-14: ISBN 0-674-99246-6.
• Thirlwall, Connop. A History of Greece. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1846.
• Walbank, F. W., Philip V of Macedon, The University Press (1940).
• Waltari, Mika; The Etruscan (Turms kuolematon, 1955).
• Wilkes, John, The Illyrians (Peoples of Europe), Blackwell Publishers, (December 1, 1995) ISBN 0-631-19807-5.

Middle Ages

• Bono, Salvatore, Corsari nel Mediterraneo (Corsairs in the Mediterranean), Oscar Storia Mondadori. Perugia, 1993.
• Bottling, Douglas. The Pirates. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books Inc., 1978.
• Bracker, Jörgen : Klaus Störtebeker – only one of them. The history of the Vitalienbrüder. In: Wilfried honour-break (Hrsg.): Störtebeker. 600 years after its death (Hansi studies; Bd. 15). Porta Alba publishing house, Luebeck 2001, ISBN 3-933701-14-7
• Bradford, Ernle, The Sultan's Admiral: the Life of Barbarossa, London, 1968.
• Currey, E. Hamilton, Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean,, London, 1910
• John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation. Edited by William Forbes Skene, translated by Felix J.H. Skene. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN 1-897853-05-X
• Knecht, R.J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-521-57885-X
• McDonald, R. Andrew Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003. ISBN 1-86232-236-8
• Oram, Richard, David I: The King who made Scotland. Tempus, Stroud, 2004. ISBN 0-7524-2825-X
• Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X
• William of Newburgh, Historia rerum anglicarum, Book 1 Ch.24, "Of bishop Wimund, his life unbecoming a bishop, and how he was deprived of his sight", Full-text online.
• Wolf, John B., The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, New York, 1979; ISBN 0-393-01205-0

Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Privateers: 1560–1650

• Andrade, Tonio. The Company's Chinese Pirates: How the Dutch East India Company Tried to Lead a Coalition of Pirates to War Against China, 1621–1662].
• Bicheno, Hugh Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571, Phoenix Paperback, 2004, ISBN 1-84212-753-5
• Currey, E. Hamilton Sea-Wolves of the Mediterranean, London, 1910.
• Earle, Peter. The Pirate Wars, 2003
• Gerhard, Peter. Pirates of New Spain, 1575–1742. Mineola, NY: Courier Dover Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-486-42611-4
• van der Hoven, Marco, ed. Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568–1648. Brill Academic Publishers, 1997. ISBN 90-04-10727-4
• Hughes-Hallett, Lucy. Heroes: A History of Hero Worship. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York, 2004. ISBN 1-4000-4399-9.
• Kupperman, Karen Ordahl. Providence Island, 1630–1641: The Other Puritan Colony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-521-55835-8
• Lane, Kris E. Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500–1750. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. ISBN 0-7656-0257-1
• Manthorpe, Jonathan. Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan. New York, 2005.
• Mattingly, Garett, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, ISBN 0-395-08366-4 – a detailed account of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, it received a special citation from the Pulitzer Prize committee in 1960.
• Maxwell, Kenneth. Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues. London: Routledge (UK), 2003. ISBN 0-415-94576-3
• Mcgrath, John Terrence. The French in Early Florida: In the Eye of the Hurricane. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000. ISBN 0-8130-1784-X
• Michael, Franz. The Origin of Manchu Rule in China. Baltimore, 1942. Journal of World History, 2004 Dec.; 15(4):415-444.
• Miguel de Cervantes, in chapter XXXIX of his classic El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, mentions Uluç Ali under the name of "Uchali", describing briefly his rise to the regency of Algiers.
• Rodger, N.A.M. The Safeguard of the Sea; A Naval History of Britain 660–1649. (London, 1997).
• Roding, Juliette and Lex Heerma van Voss, ed. The North Sea and Culture (1550–1800). Larenseweg, Netherlands: Uitgeverij VerLoren, 1996. ISBN 90-6550-527-X
• Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X
• Schmidt, Benjamin. Innocence Abroad: The Dutch Imagination and the New World, 1570–1670. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-80408-6
• Stradling, R.A. The Armada of Flanders: Spanish Maritime Policy and European War, 1568–1668 (Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History). Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-521-40534-8 (issued in paperback 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-52512-1)
• Wolf, John B. The Barbary Coast: Algeria under the Turks, W.W. Norton, New York/London, 1979, ISBN 0-393-01205-0.

Age of the Buccaneers: 1650–1690

• Haring, Clarence. The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century. Methuen, 1910.
• Walpole, Horace, Letters, Volume 4 (at Project Gutenberg)
• Marley, David F. Pirates and Privateers of the Americas. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1994.
• Morris, Mowbray. Tales of the Spanish Main. Kessinger Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-4179-5373-X
• Riccardo Capoferro, Frontiere del racconto. Letteratura di viaggio e romanzo in Inghilterra, 1690–1750, Meltemi, 2007.
• Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. ISBN 0-306-80722-X
• Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates: an A-Z Encyclopedia. New York: Da Capo Press, 1996.
• The Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp and Others in the South Sea, Being a Journal of the Same; Also Capt. Van Horn with His Buccanieres Surprising of La Veracruz; to Which is Added the True Relation of Sir Henry Morgan His Expedition Against the Spaniards in the West-Indies and His Taking Panama; Together with the President of Panama’s [i.e., Juan Perez de Guzman] Account of the Same Expedition, Translated Out of the Spanish; and Col. Beeston’s Adjustment of the Peace Between the Spaniards and English in the West Indies. London: Printed by B.W. for R.H. and S.T. and are to be sold by Walter Davis…, 1684.
• The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

Golden Age of Piracy: 1690–1730

• Andrews, Thomas F. (editor) (1979) English Privateers at Cabo San Lucas: the Descriptive Accounts of Puerto Seguro by Edward Cooke (1712) and Woodes Rogers (1712), with Added Comments by George Shelvocke (1726) and William Betagh (1728). Dawson's Book Shop, Los Angeles.
• Bolster, W. Jeffrey. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail.
• Breverton, Terry (2003) The Book of Welsh Pirates and Buccaneers. Glyndwr Publishing. ISBN 1-903529-09-3
• Cooke, Edward (1712) A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World. 3 vols. Lintot, London
• Ellms, Charles (1837) The Pirate's Own Book: Authentic Narratives of the Most Celebrated Sea Robbers. Portland ME: Sanborn & Carter (reissued: New York: Dover Publications 1993 ISBN 0-486-27607-4)
• Gilbert, H. (1986) The Book of Pirates. London: Bracken Books.
• Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Pyrates. 2 vols. London: Charles Rivington
  • Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Pyrates, from their First Rise and Settlement in the Island of Providence, to the Present Time.... 2nd ed. London: Printed for, and sold by, T. Warner
  • Johnson, Charles (1724) A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates (1998 ed.). Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-732-0.
  • Johnson, Charles (1728) The History of the Pirates: containing the lives of Captain Mission…. London: Printed for, and sold by, T. Woodward, 1728.
• Little, Bryan (1960) Crusoe's Captain: Being the Life of Woodes Rogers, seaman, trader, colonial governor. London: Odhams Press
• Menefee, S. P. "Vane, Charles," in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 56 (2004): pp. 94–95.
• Pennell, C. R. (2001) Bandits at Sea: a Pirates Reader. New York: NYU Press ISBN 0-8147-6678-1
• Pickering, David (2006) Pirates". CollinsGem. New York: HarperCollins Publishers; pp 80–82
• Rediker, Marcus (2004) Villains of All Nations: Atlantic pirates in the Golden Age. Boston: Beacon Press ISBN 0-8070-5024-5
• Rogers, Woodes (1712) A Cruising Voyage Round the World. London: Andrew Bell
• Rogozinski, Jan (1996) Pirates!: Brigands, Buccaneers, and Privateers in Fact, Fiction, and Legend. New York: Da Capo Press ISBN 0-306-80722-X
• Rogozinski, Jan (2000) Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean. Stackpole Books ISBN 0-8117-1529-9
• Seitz, Don Carlos, Gospel, Howard F. & Wood, Stephen (2002) Under the Black Flag: Exploits of the Most Notorious Pirates. Mineola, New York: Courier Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-42131-7
• Smith, Captain Alexander (1926) History of the Highwaymen. London: George Routledge & Sons ISBN 0-415-28678-6
• Steele, Philip (2004) The World of Pirates. Boston: Kingfisher Publications ISBN 0-7534-5786-5
• The Tryals of Major Stede Bonnet, and Other Pirates. London: Printed for Benj. Cowse at the Rose and Crown in St Paul's Church-Yard, 1719.

Decline of Piracy: 1730–1900

• Cordingly, David (1997). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Harvest Books.
• Gregory, Kristiana. The Stowaway: A Tale of California Pirates. Scholastic Trade, 1995. ISBN 0-590-48822-8
• Pickering, David. "Pirates". CollinsGem. HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY. pp-96-97. 2006
• Rothert, Otto A. The Outlaws of Cave-In-Rock, Otto A. Rothert, Cleveland 1924; rpt. 1996 ISBN 0-8093-2034-7

External links

Ancient World

• An article about the Roman Navy, with information on Anicetus.
• Herodotus - The History of Herodotus, with information on Dionysius the Phocaean.
• The Pirates Hold - Entry for Glauketas.

Middle Ages

• Jean Ango at Encyclopædia Britannica.com
• Genealogy - Pier Gerlofs Donia at Langenberg-Laagland.com, see Pier Gerlofs biography, downloadable PDF
• An article from the English Historical Review, vol 27 (1912) gives biographical details of Eustace the Monk.
• Chronological list of important dates and events in the life of Turgut Reis (Italian)
• Agreement on reparations for injuries and damages by vitalians (made between King Henry IV of England and the Hanseatic League)
• Magister Wigbold and the Likedeelers (in German)
• "Heard at Byland: Wimund’s Woes" from Byland Abbey website, Retrieved Jan. 2005.

Rise of the English Sea Dogs and Dutch Privateers (1560–1650)

• Two variants on the ballad of Andrew Bartin / Barton.
• (Dutch) A short biography of Hendrik Brouwer.
• John D. Neville. "History of Thomas Cavendish", Heritage Education Program, US National Park Service.
• Christian Isobel Johnstone (1831). Lives and Voyages of Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier. Oliver & Boyd. From Google Books.
• Christian Isobel Johnstone (1892). Early English voyagers : or, The adventures and discoveries of Drake, Cavendish, and Dampier. London: Nelson. From Internet Archive
• Francois Le Clerc, at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove
• Isle of Tortuga: Jacob Collaart
• Oliver Seeler's website "Sir Francis Drake"
• Biography of Peter Easton at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• An exhibit in the National Archives on John Hawkins.
• A timeline of Piet Hein's life.
• Privateers and Pirates: James Riskinner
• Piracy in the Caribbean

Age of the Buccaneers (1650–1690)

• Jean Bart (English)
• Un dictionnaire biographique de la flibuste (1648–1688), Biographies - B (French)
• Famous Historical Pirates - Edward Collier
• John Coxon at The Pirate King
• Works by William Dampier at Project Gutenberg
• A Voyage to New Holland at Project Gutenberg
• A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland at Project Gutenberg
• Notable Voyagers, W.H.G. Kingston and Henry Frith - Chapter XXI: Voyages and adventures of William Dampier – from AD 1674
• Piracy in the Caribbean

Golden Age of Piracy (1690–1730)

• Brethren of the Coast: Captain Thomas Anstis
• Biography of Bartholomew Roberts
• The Pirate Cove! - George Booth
• National Geographic, "Capt. Samuel Bellamy, Rogue Romeo"
• A Biography of Stede Bonnet
• Anne Bonny at TheWayofthePirates.com
• Christopher Condent at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove!
• Pirate Encyclopedia: Howell Davis
• Pirates hold: William Fly
• The Pirate Cove! - John Halsey
• Biography of Miguel Henríquez
• Benjamin Hornigold at TheWayofthePirates.com
• Benjamin Hornigold at AgeofPirates.com
• Piracy in the Caribbean

Decline of Piracy (1730–1900)

• The California State Military Museum - Spanish and Mexican California: Hippolyte de Bouchard and His Attacks on the California Missions
• Hipólito (Hypolite) Bouchard and the Raid of 1818 article at the Monterey County Historical Society official website – URL accessed on December 2, 2005.
• American Museum of Natural History - Spanish Colonial History
• Gasparilla Pirate Festival
• José Gaspar site
• Bradlee's account of Gasparilla and the Story of Juan Gomez
• Charles Gibbs Treasure
• Charles Gibbs at Rob Ossian's Pirate Cove!
• Don Pedro Gilbert at Age of Pirates.com
• "The Execution of Gordon, The Slave-Trader", Harper's Weekly, March 8, 1862.
• "Slave Captain to be Hanged", Worcester Aegis and Transcript, December 7, 1861, p 1. (From Letters of the Civil War (website), archived at Wayback Machine, November 15, 2004.)
• Australian Broadcasting Commission, 22 September 2003, transcript of television program on Jorgen Jorgenson
• A biography of Jørgensen
• Bell Anthology - Samuel Mason
• Cheung Po Tsai Cave at discoverhongkong.com
• Piracy in the Caribbean

Piracy in the 20th and 21st centuries

• The Politics of Extinction
• Detailed profile of Paul Watson by Raffi Khatchadourian, from The New Yorker, November 5, 2007