List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

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Stonehenge is part of the Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites UNESCO World Heritage Site.

There are 29 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom and overseas territories.[1] The UNESCO list contains one designated site in both England and Scotland (the Frontiers of the Roman Empire) plus sixteen exclusively in England, five in Scotland, three in Wales, one in Northern Ireland, and one in each of the overseas territories of Bermuda, the Pitcairn Islands, and Saint Helena. The first sites in the UK to be inscribed on the World Heritage List were Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast; Durham Castle and Cathedral; Ironbridge Gorge; Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey; Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites; and the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd in 1986. The latest site to be inscribed was the Forth Bridge in 2015.[2]

The constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (commonly referred to as UNESCO) was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries, including the UK. Its purpose was to provide for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science".[3] The UK contributes £130,000 annually to the World Heritage Fund which finances the preservation of sites in developing countries.[4] Some designated properties contain multiple sites that share a common geographical location or cultural heritage.

The United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO advises the British government, which is responsible for maintaining its World Heritage Sites, on policies regarding UNESCO.[5] In 2008, Andy Burnham – then Minister for Culture, Media, and Sport – voiced concerns over the worth of the designation of sites in the UK as World Heritage Sites and called for a review of the government's policy of putting forward new sites; this was partly due to rising costs and lower-than-expected income from visitors, few of which were aware of the World Heritage Site status of the sites they visited.[6]

World Heritage Site selection criteria i–vi are culturally related, and selection criteria vii–x are the natural criteria.[7] Twenty-three properties are designated as "cultural", four as "natural", and one as "mixed".[note 1][1] The breakdown of sites by type was similar to the overall proportions; of the 890 sites on the World Heritage List, 77.4% are cultural, 19.8% are natural, and 2.8% are mixed.[8] St Kilda is the only mixed World Heritage Site in the UK. Originally preserved for its natural habitats alone,[9] in 2005 the site was expanded to include the crofting community that once inhabited the archipelago; the site became one of only 25 mixed sites worldwide.[10] The natural sites are the Dorset and East Devon Coast; Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast; Gough and Inaccessible Islands; and Henderson Island. The rest are cultural.[1]

In 2012, the World Heritage Committee added Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City to the List of World Heritage in Danger citing threats to the site's integrity from planned urban development projects.[11]

Location

The UNESCO list contains one designated site in both England and Scotland (the Frontiers of the Roman Empire, which is also in Germany)[12] with another sixteen in England, five in Scotland, three in Wales, one in Northern Ireland, and one in each of the overseas territories of Bermuda, the Pitcairn Islands, and Saint Helena. The maps below show all current World Heritage Sites.

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The World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom: cultural sites marked red, natural sites marked green, mixed site (St Kilda) marked blue. Names are abridged to fit on the map. Greater London is home to the cultural sites of Maritime Greenwich, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Tower of London, and Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret's Church.

World Heritage Sites

The table lists information about each World Heritage Site:

Name; as listed by the World Heritage Committee[8]
Location; in one of the UK's constituent countries and overseas territories, with co-ordinates provided by UNESCO
Period; time period of significance, typically of construction
UNESCO data; Site reference number, the year the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List, and the criteria it was listed under
Description; brief description of the site
  In danger In danger
Name Image Location Date UNESCO data Description
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Big Pit Mining Museum.jpg Blaenavon,  Wales
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[13]		 19th century[13] 984; 2000;
iii, iv[13]		 In the 19th century, Wales was the world's foremost producer of iron and coal. Blaenavon is an example of the landscape created by the industrial processes associated with the production of these materials. The site includes quarries, public buildings, workers' housing, and a railway.[13]
Blenheim Palace Blenheim Palace 2006 cropped.jpg Woodstock, Oxfordshire,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[14]		 1705–1722[14] 425; 1987;
ii, iv[14]		 Blenheim Palace, the residence of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, was designed by architects John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor. The associated park was landscaped by Capability Brown. The palace celebrated victory over the French and is significant for establishing English Romantic Architecture as a separate entity from French Classical Architecture.[14]
Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church Canterbury Cathedral - Portal Nave Cross-spire.jpeg Canterbury, Kent,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[15]		 11th century[15] 496; 1988;
i, ii, vi[15]		 St Martin's Church is the oldest church in England. The church and St Augustine's Abbey were founded during the early stages of the introduction of Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons. The cathedral exhibits Romanesque and Gothic architecture, and is the seat of the Church of England.[15][16][17]
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd Beaumaris, circular towers and moat, 2006.jpg Conwy, Isle of Anglesey and Gwynedd,  Wales
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[18]		 13th–14th centuries[18] 374; 1986;
i, iii, iv[18]		 During the reign of Edward I of England (1272–1307), a series of castles were constructed in Wales with the purpose of subduing the population and establishing English colonies in Wales. The World Heritage Site covers many castles including Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy, and Harlech. The castles of Edward I are considered the pinnacle of military architecture by military historians.[18][19]
City of Bath Royal.crescent.aerial.bath.arp.jpg Bath, Somerset,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[20]		 1st–19th centuries[20] 428; 1987;
i, ii, iv[20]		 Founded by the Romans as a spa, an important centre of the wool industry in the medieval period, and a spa town in the 18th century, Bath has a varied history. The city is preserved for its Roman remains and Palladian architecture.[20]
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Crowns peh.jpg Cornwall and Devon,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[21]		 18th and 19th centuries[21] 1,215; 2006;
ii, iii, iv[21]		 Tin and copper mining in Devon and Cornwall boomed in the 18th and 19th centuries, and at its peak the area produced two-thirds of the world's copper. The techniques and technology involved in deep mining developed in Devon and Cornwall were used around the world.[21]
Derwent Valley Mills Arkwright Masson Mills.jpg Derwent Valley, Derbyshire,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[22]		 18th and 19th centuries[22] 1,030; 2001;
ii, iv[22]		 The Derwent Valley Mills was the birthplace of the factory system; the innovations in the valley, including the development of workers' housing – such as at Cromford – and machines such as the water frame, were important in the Industrial Revolution. The Derwent Valley Mills influenced North America and Europe.[23]
Dorset and East Devon Coast Gad cliff dorset.jpg Dorset and Devon,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[24]		 n/a 1029; 2001;
viii[24]		 The cliffs that make up the Dorset and Devon coast are an important site for fossils and provide a continuous record of life on land and in the sea in the area since 185 million years ago.[24]
Durham Castle and Cathedral Durham Cathedral and Castle.jpg Durham, County Durham,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[25]		 11th and 12th centuries[25] 370; 1986;
ii, iv, vi[25]		 Durham Cathedral is the "largest and finest" example of Norman architecture in England and vaulting of the cathedral was part of the advent of Gothic architecture. The cathedral houses relics of St Cuthbert and Bede. The Norman castle was the residence of the Durham prince-bishops.[25]
Forth Bridge Forth Bridge (6858076258).jpg Edinburgh, Inchgarvie and Fife,  Scotland
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[26]		 1890 1485; 2015;
i, iv[26]		 The Forth Bridge is a cantilever railway bridge over the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland, 9 miles (14 kilometres) west of Edinburgh City Centre. It is considered an iconic structure and a symbol of Scotland, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was designed by the English engineers, Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker.
Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrianswall2007.jpg Northern  England and southern  Scotland
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[27]		 2nd century[27] 430; 1987 (modified in 2005 and 2008);
ii, iii, iv[27]		 Hadrian's Wall was built in 122 AD and the Antonine Wall was constructed in 142 AD to defend the Roman Empire from "barbarians".[27] The World Heritage Site was previously listed as Hadrian's Wall alone, but was later expanded to include the Antonine Wall in Scotland and the barriers, walls and forts in modern Germany.[28]
Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast Causeway-code poet-4.jpg County Antrim,  Northern Ireland
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[29]		 60–50 million years ago[29] 369; 1986;
vii, viii[29]		 The causeway is made up of 40,000 basalt columns projecting out of the sea. It was created by volcanic activity in the Tertiary period.[29]
Gough and Inaccessible Islands Gough island top view.png  Tristan da Cunha, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, South Atlantic Ocean
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[30]		 n/a 740; 1995 (modified in 2004);
vii, x[30]		 Together, the Gough and Inaccessible Islands preserve an ecosystem almost untouched by mankind, with many endemic species of plants and animals.[30]
Heart of Neolithic Orkney Orkney Skara Brae.jpg Orkney,  Scotland
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[31]		 3rd millennium BC[31] 514; 1999;
i, ii, iii, iv[31]		 A collection of Neolithic sites with purposes ranging from occupation to ceremony. It includes the settlement of Skara Brae, the chambered tomb of Maes Howe and the stone circles of Stenness and Brodgar.[31]
Henderson Island HendersonISS004-E-6793.PNG Henderson Island,  Pitcairn Islands, Pacific Ocean
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[32]		 n/a 487; 1988;
vii, x[32]		 The island is an atoll in the south of the Pacific Ocean, the ecology of which has been almost untouched by man and its isolation illustrates the dynamics of evolution. There are ten plant and four animal species endemic to the island.[32]
Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda John Smith 1624 map of Bermuda with Forts 01.jpg St George,  Bermuda
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[33]		 17th–20th centuries[33] 983; 2000;
iv[33]		 Founded in 1612, St George's is the oldest English town in the New World and an example of planned urban settlements established in the New World in the 17th century by colonial powers. The fortifications illustrate defensive techniques developed through the 17th to 20th centuries.[33]
Ironbridge Gorge Ironbridge002.JPG Ironbridge, Shropshire,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[34]		 18th century[34] 371; 1986;
i, ii, iv, vi[34]		 Ironbridge Gorge contains mines, factories, workers' housing, and the transport infrastructure that was created in the gorge during the Industrial Revolution. The development of coke production in the area helped start the Industrial Revolution. The Iron Bridge was the world's first bridge built from iron and was architecturally and technologically influential.[34]
Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile CityIn danger Albert dock at night.jpg Liverpool, Merseyside,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[35]		 18th and 19th centuries[35] 1,150; 2004;
ii, iii, iv[35]		 In the 18th and 19th centuries, Liverpool was one of the largest ports in the world. Its global connections helped sustain the British Empire, and it was a major port involved in the slave trade until its abolition in 1807, and a departure point for emigrants to North America. The docks were the site of innovations in construction and dock management.[35]
Maritime Greenwich Royal Naval College 2008.jpg Greenwich, London, Greater London,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[36]		 17th and 18th centuries[36] 795; 1997;
i, ii, iv, vi[36]		 As well as the presence of the first example of Palladian architecture in England, and works by Christopher Wren and Inigo Jones, the area is significant for the Royal Observatory where the understanding of astronomy and navigation were developed.[36]
New Lanark New Lanark buildings 2009.jpg New Lanark, South Lanarkshire,  Scotland
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[37]		 19th century[37] 429; 2001;
ii, iv, vi[37]		 Prompted by Richard Arkwright's factory system developed in the Derwent Valley, the community of New Lanark was created to provide housing for workers at the mills. Philanthropist Robert Owen bought the site and turned it into a model community, providing public facilities, education, and supporting factory reform.[37]
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh Looking down Royal Mile, Edinburgh.jpg Edinburgh,  Scotland
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[38]		 11th–19th centuries[38] 728; 1995;
ii, iv[38]		 The Old Town of Edinburgh was founded in the Middle Ages, and the New Town was developed in 1767–1890. It contrasts the layout of settlements in the medieval and modern periods. The layout and architecture of the new town, designed by luminaries such as William Chambers and William Playfair, influenced European urban design in the 18th and 19th centuries.[38]
Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret's Church Palace of Westminster.jpg Westminster, Greater London,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[39]		 10th, 11th, and 19th centuries[39] 426; 1987 (modified in 2008);
i, ii, iv[39]		 The site has been involved in the administration of England since the 11th century, and later the United Kingdom. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror, all English and British monarchs have been crowned at Westminster Abbey. Westminster Palace, home to the British Parliament, is an example of Gothic Revival architecture; St Margaret's Church is the palace's parish church, and although it pre-dates the palace and was built in the 11th century, it has been rebuilt since.[39][40][41]
Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal WalesC0047.jpg Trevor, Wrexham,  Wales and Shropshire,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[42]		 1795–1805[42] 1,303; 2009;
i, ii, iv[42]		 The aqueduct was built to carry the Ellesmere Canal over the Dee Valley. Completed during the Industrial Revolution and designed by Thomas Telford, the aqueduct made innovative use of cast and wrought iron, influencing civil engineering across the world.[42][43]
Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew Flowers in front of the Palm House, Kew Gardens.jpg Kew, Greater London,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[44]		 18th–20th centuries[44] 1,084; 2003;
ii, iii, iv[44]		 Created in 1759, the influential Kew Gardens were designed by Charles Bridgeman, William Kent, Capability Brown, and William Chambers. The gardens were used to study botany and ecology and furthered the understanding of the subjects.[44]
St Kilda St Kilda Village Bay.jpg St Kilda,  Scotland
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[45]		 n/a 387; 1987 (modified in 2005 and 2008);
ii, iii, iv[45]		 Although inhabited for over 2,000 years, the isolated archipelago of St Kilda has had no permanent residents since 1930. The islands' human heritage includes various unique architectural features from the historic and prehistoric periods. St Kilda is also a breeding ground for many important seabird species including the world's largest colony of gannets and up to 136,000 pairs of puffins.[45][46]
Saltaire Saltaire from Leeds and Liverpool Canal.jpg Saltaire, Shipley, West Yorkshire,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[47]		 1853[47] 1,028; 2001;
ii, iv[47]		 Saltaire was founded by mill-owner Titus Salt as a model village for his workers. The site, which includes the Salts Mill, featured public buildings for the inhabitants and was an example of 19th-century paternalism.[47]
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites Stonehenge back wide.jpg Wiltshire,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[48]		 4th–2nd millennia BC[48] 373; 1986 (modified in 2008);
i, ii, iii[48]		 The Neolithic sites of Avebury and Stonehenge are two of the largest and most famous megalithic monuments in the world. They relate to man's interaction with his environment. The purpose of the henges has been a source of speculation, with suggestions ranging from ceremonial to interpreting the cosmos. "Associated sites" includes Silbury Hill, Beckhampton Avenue, and West Kennet Avenue.[48]
Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, UK - Diliff.jpg North Yorkshire,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[49]		 1132 (abbey),
19th century (park)[49]		 372; 1986;
i, iv[49]		 Before the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the mid-16th century, Fountains Abbey was one of the largest and richest Cistercian abbeys in Britain and is one of only a few that survives from the 12th century. The later garden, which incorporates the abbey, survives to a large extent in its original design and influenced garden design in Europe.[49]
Tower of London Tower of London, Traitors Gate.jpg Tower Hamlets, Greater London,  England
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[50]		 11th century[50] 488; 1988;
ii, iv[50]		 Begun by William the Conqueror in 1066 during the Norman conquest of England, the Tower of London is a symbol of power and an example of Norman military architecture that spread across England. Additions by Henry III and Edward I in the 13th century made the castle one of the most influential buildings of its kind in England.[50]

Tentative list

The Tentative List is an inventory of important heritage and natural sites that a country is considering for inscription on the World Heritage List, thereby becoming World Heritage Sites. The Tentative List can be updated at any time, but inclusion on the list is a prerequisite to being considered for inscription within a five- to ten-year period.[51]

The UK's Tentative List was last updated on 25 June 2014, and consisted of 13 sites. The properties on the Tentative List are as follows:[52]

  1. Chatham Naval Dockyard,  England
  2. Creswell Crags,  England
  3. Darwin’s Landscape Laboratory: Down House and Environs,  England
  4. Flow Country,  Scotland
  5. Great Spas of Europe (with The City of Bath ( England) Spa- transnational inscription together with Austria,Belgium,Czech Republic,France, Germany and Italy)
  6. Gorham's Cave Complex,  Gibraltar
  7. Saint HelenaIsland of Saint Helena
  8. Jodrell Bank Observatory,  England
  9. Lake District,  England
  10. Monkwearmouth and Jarrow Monastic Sites,  England
  11. Mousa, Old Scatness and Jarlshof: the Zenith of Iron Age Shetland -  Scotland
  12. Wales Slate industry in Wales
  13.  Turks and Caicos Islands, Caribbean

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A mixed site is one that falls under both natural and cultural criteria.

References

Notes
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Liddiard (2005), p. 9.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Derwent Valley Mills Partnership (2000), pp. 30–31, 96.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Thornbury (1878), p. 567.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Benvie (2000).
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  52. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Bibliography
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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