List of landslides
This list of landslides is a list of notable landslides and mudflows divided into sections by date and type. This list is very incomplete as there is no central catalogue for landslides, although some for individual countries/areas do exist. Volumes of landslides are recorded in the scientific literature using cubic kilometres (km3) for the largest and millions of cubic metres (normally given the non-standard shortening of MCM) for most events.
Contents
Prehistoric landslides
Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s)
Date | Place | Name | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
48 Ma | Heart Mountain, Wyoming, US | Heart Mountain slide | ~2000 km3 | Mostly eroded now | [1][2] | ||
21–22 Ma | Southwest Utah, US | Markagunt gravity slide | 37.7N | 112.83W | ~1700–2000 km3 | [3][1] | |
~6.1 Ma | East Traverse Mountains, Utah, US | East Traverse Mountains mega landslide | 40.48N | 111.85W | ~50–100 km3 | The landslide comprises the entirety of East Traverse Mountain | [4][5] |
Sometime between 19,000 and 10,000 BCE | Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada, United States | 12.5 km3 | The landslide occurred along the western shore of the lake, forming McKinney Bay and generating megatsunamis in the lake of about 100 metres (328 ft) in height. | [6][7] | |||
ca. 15,000 BCE | San Bernardino Mountains, California, United States | Blackhawk slide | 0.52 km3 | A cube of rock 0.5 miles (0.8 km) on a side slid 1,500 feet (457 m) down the slope of a steep canyon, then exited the canyon and traveled for 5 miles (8 km) across a flat valley at a speed of up to 75 miles per hour (121 km/h). | [8] | ||
11,000 BCE | New Zealand | Green Lake (Southland) landslide | 27 km3 | newly mobile (2019) Alpine Gardens landslide same zone | [9] | ||
Late Pleistocene | British Columbia | Cheekye Fan | ~0.15 km3 | Collapse of the western flank of Mount Garibaldi | [10] | ||
≈ 10,000 BCE | Saidmarreh, Iran | Saidmarreh landslide | 33N | 47.65E | 20 km3 | [11] | |
8,000 BCE | Switzerland | Flims Rockslide | 9 km3 | [12] | |||
~9,900 BCE | Otago, NewZealand | Lochnagar
Landslide |
44.36S | 168E | 1 km3 | Collapse of mountain forming lake Lochnagar. | [13] |
~2800 BCE | Zion Canyon, Utah, US | 0.286 km3 | Landslide created the currently level floor of Zion Canyon inside Zion National Park. | [14] | |||
~1920 BCE | Jishi Gorge, Qinghai Province, China | 0.040–0.080 km3 | Landslide dammed the Yellow River, breach of dam may have caused the Great Flood of Gun-Yu | [15] | |||
≈ 200 BCE | North Island, New Zealand | 2.2 km3 | Dammed Lake Waikaremoana | [16][17] |
Submarine landslides
Note: MCM = million cubic metres; km3 = cubic kilometre(s)
Date | Place | Name/article | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.4 Ma | off northern Molokai, Hawaii | Wailau Slide | 2,500 km3 | The northern third of East Molokai Volcano collapsed suddenly into the Pacific Ocean in a 25-mile (40 km) wide landslide with a 120-mile (193 km) run-out that climbed uphill 900 feet (274 m) from the Hawaiian Deep over the last 80 miles (130 km). It generated a tsunami that was 2,000 feet (610 m) tall locally and which reached California and Mexico. | [18] | ||
Between 1.5 and 0.5 Ma | off northeastern Oahu, Hawaii | Nu'uanu Slide | 7,500 km3 | The eastern half of the Koʻolau Volcano collapsed into the Pacific Ocean, leaving behind its remnant western rim on Oahu as the Koʻolau Range The landslide had a run-out of more than 140 miles (225 km), climbing about 1,000 feet (305 m) over the last 85 miles (137 km) and leaving a massive debris field north of Oahu and Molokai covering Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value).. The largest piece of debris, the Tuscaloosa Seamount, measures 19 by 11 miles (31 by 18 km) and rises 1.1 miles (1.8 km) above the seafloor. | [19][20] | ||
Less than 2.6 Ma | off South Africa | Agulhas Slide | 20,000 km3 | The largest so far described | [21] | ||
ca. 170,000 BP | off North Island, New Zealand | Ruatoria debris avalanche | 3,000 km3 | [22] | |||
ca. 8,000 BP | Norwegian Sea | Storegga Slide | 64.87 | 1.3 | 3,500 km3 | Triggered a large tsunami that swept over the Shetland and Orkney Islands | [23] |
13 Mar 1888 | Ritter Island, Netherlands East Indies | 1888 Ritter Island tsunami | 4 to 5 km3 | During a volcanic eruption, a significant portion of the island slid 800 metres (2,625 ft) into the sea, generating tsunamis of up to 12 to 15 metres (39 to 49 ft) in height that struck nearby islands and traveled as far south as New Guinea, where they were 8 metres (26 ft) high. The waves killed around 3,000 people. | [24][25] [26][27][28] |
||
18 Nov 1929 | Grand Banks of Newfoundland | 1929 Grand Banks earthquake | 44.54 | −56.01 | 200 km3 | Broke 12 submarine communications cables. The tsunami was 3 to 8 metres (10 to 26 ft) tall, had a run-up of 13 metres (43 ft), and killed 28 people on the Burin Peninsula. | [29] |
17 Jul 1998 | North of New Guinea | 1998 Papua New Guinea earthquake | 4 km3 | The landslide in the Pacific Ocean followed an M 7.0 earthquake by a few minutes and generated tsunamis with heights of 10 to 15 metres (33 to 49 ft) that struck the north coast of Papua New Guinea, killing 2,100 to 2,700 people, injuring 1,000, and leaving 10,000 homeless. | [30] | ||
22 Dec 2018 | Anak Krakatau, Indonesia | 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami | 150 MCM | About 64 hectares (160 acres) of the southwest flank of the island slid into the Sunda Strait during a volcanic eruption, reducing the height of the volcano from 338 to 110 metres (1,109 to 361 ft). The resulting tsunami struck the coasts of Java and Sumatra with a height ranging from 2 metres (6.6 ft) to 13.4 metres (44 ft), leaving 426 dead, 25 missing, and 14,059 injured. | [31][32] [33][34] [35][36] |
Pre-20th-century historic landslides
Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres
Date | Place | Name/article | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Casualties | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
563 | Lake Geneva, Switzerland and France | Tauredunum event | 46.35 | 6.86 | many | Destroyed villages and struck Geneva town. | [37] | |
25 Nov 1248 | Mont Granier, France | 45.46 | 5.93 | 1000+ | Destroyed five villages. | |||
25 Jan 1348 | Dobratsch, Austria | Dobratsch Landslide | 900 MCM | Triggered by the Friuli earthquake (8-9 EMS), due to the flood of the river Gail, 2 villages had to be abandoned. | ||||
1425 - 1450 | North Bonneville, Washington, US | Bridge of the Gods (land bridge) | 45.66 | -121.94 | 14 km3 | Possibly linked to the 1458 Cascadia Earthquake | [38][39][40] | |
About 1560 | Ozette, Washington, US | Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site | 48.17 | -124.73 | Partially buried the village at Ozette | [41][42] | ||
8 Jan 1731 | Storfjorden, Norway | Possibly 6 MCM | 17 | Fell from the mountain Skafjell into the Storfjorden opposite Stranda, generating megatsunamis of up to 100 metres (328 ft) in height. The first landslide in Norway to be reported and documented in historic time. | [43] | |||
22 Feb 1756 | Langfjorden, Norway | 12 to 15 MCM | 32 | Slid 400 metres (1,312 ft) down the slope of the mountain Tjellafjellet into the Langfjorden, generating three megatsunamis in the Langfjorden and the Eresfjorden with heights of 40 to 50 metres (131 to 164 ft). The largest landslide in Norway in historic time. | [44] | |||
1 Jun 1786 | Kangding-Luding area, Sichuan, southwestern China | 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake | A M 7.75 earthquake triggered a large landslide that created a 70-metre (230 ft) high landslide dam in the Dadu River. The dam failed catastrophically on 10 June, the resulting flood extending 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) downstream and killing 100,000 people. | [45][46] | ||||
2 Sep 1806 | Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland | Goldau Rockslide | 47.05 | 8.55 | 40 MCM | 457 | Destroyed four villages and caused a tsunami in Lake Lauerz | [47] |
24 Dec 1839 | Lyme Regis, Dorset | The Undercliff | One of a series of slumps | |||||
1855–1856 | British Columbia | Collapse of The Barrier | 30 MCM | [48] | ||||
1881 | Qiaojia County, Yunnan, China | Shigaodi Landslide | 530 MCM | Formed dam on Jinsha River | [49] | |||
11 Sep 1881 | Elm, Switzerland | 7.6 MCM | 114–115 | A mountainside weakened by quarrying and two months of heavy rains slid into the village, where it buried 83 structures, then across the valley the village stood in and 300 yards (274 m) up the opposite slope. | [8][50] | |||
19 Sep 1889 | Cap Diamant, Quebec | Québec rockslide | 46.485 | −71.21 | >40 | [51] |
20th-century landslides
1901–1950
Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres
Date | Place | Name/article | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Casualties | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
29 Apr 1903 | Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada | Frank Slide | 49.59 | −114.39 | 30 MCM | 70 to 90 | About 110 million tonnes (120 million short tons) of limestone rock slid down Turtle Mountain, reaching the opposing hills in 100 seconds and burying the eastern edge of Frank, a mining town then in Alberta. The deadliest and one of the largest landslides in Canadian history. | [52][53] |
15 Jan 1905 | Lovatnet, Norway | 0.35 MCM | 61 | Slid 500 metres (1,640 ft) down the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet into the lake Lovatnet, generating a megatsunami with a height of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft). | [54] | |||
18 Feb 1911 | Usoy, Tajikistan | Usoi Dam | 2 km3 | 54 | Triggered by M 7.4 earthquake. The rockslide dammed the Murgab River, impounding 65 km (40 mi)-long Lake Sarez, which presently still exists. | [55] | ||
1914 | Neuquén and Mendoza, Argentina | Rio Barrancas & Rio Colorado debris flow | 2 MCM | 190–300 | Two small towns were devastated, and numerous ranches and farms destroyed along a 60 km (37 mi) valley. Length of flow:300 km (186 mi) | [55] | ||
19 May 1919 | Kelud, East Java, Indonesia | Kelut Lahars | 5110 | Lahars caused 5,110 deaths, and destroyed or damaged 104 villages. Length 185 km (115 mi). | [55] | |||
16 Dec 1920 | Haiyuan County, Ningxia, China | 1920 Haiyuan earthquake | >100,000 | Loess flows and landslides over an area of 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi). Failures in loess caused extreme fissuring, landslide dams, and buried villages. | [55] | |||
1920 | Veracruz, Mexico | Rio Huitzilapan debris flows | est. 600–870 | Debris flows destroyed village of Barranca Grande, and were 40 to 65 m (131 to 213 ft) deep. Debris flows extended >40 km (25 mi). Triggered by M~6.5 earthquake. | [55] | |||
1921 | Almaty, Kazakhstan | Alma-Ata Debris Flows | ~500 | A debris flow in the Valley of Alma-Atinka River destroyed the town of Alma-Ata. | [55] | |||
26 Mar 1924 | Amalfi Coast, Italy | ~100 | A series of major landslides after 18 hours of heavy rain | [56] | ||||
23 Jun 1925 | Gros Ventre Wilderness, Wyoming | Gros Ventre landslide | 43.62 | 110.55 | 38 MCM | 6 (when the dam failed in 1927) | Blocked the Gros Ventre River, forming a 70-metre-high (230 ft) dam | [57] |
9 Mar 1929 | Arthur's Pass, South Island | The Falling Mountain landslide | −42.89 | 171.68 | 66 MCM | Very rapid rock avalanche triggered by the 1929 Arthur's Pass earthquake | [58] | |
25 Aug 1933 | Diexi, Mao County, Sichuan, China | 1933 Diexi earthquake | 150 MCM | ~3100 | The largest landslide formed a 255-metre-high (837 ft) landslide dam on the Min River. This landslide killed all but one of the 577 people in the town of Deixi. The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths. | [55] | ||
7 Apr 1934 | Tafjorden, Norway | 2 to 3 MCM | 40 | Slid about 730 metres (2,395 ft) down the slope of the mountain Langhamaren into the Tafjorden, generating a megatsunami that reached a height of between 62 and 63.5 metres (203 and 208 ft). | [59][60][61] | |||
13 Sep 1936 | Lovatnet, Norway | 1 MCM | 74 | Slid 800 metres (2,625 ft) down the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet into the lake Lovatnet, generating a megatsunami with a height of more than 74 metres (243 ft). | [54] | |||
5 Jul 1938 | Kwansai, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan | ~1000 | Many landslides occurred on the slopes of Mount Rokko, 130,000 homes damaged or destroyed by landslides and floods. | [55][62] | ||||
13 Dec 1941 | Huaraz, Ancash, Peru | Huaraz debris flow | >10 MCM | 4,000–6,000 | Caused by rupture of a moraine dam impounding a lake, temporarily dammed the Santa River, after 2 days that failed and the flood swept down the valley to the coast. | [55][63] | ||
16 Aug 1945 | Mantaro Valley, Peru | Kuntur Sinqa rockslide | 5.5 MCM | none from landslide | The rockslide formed a 100-metre-high (330 ft) dam at Rio Mantaro, which failed after 73 days, causing a flood. | [55] | ||
19 Dec 1945 | Alcalá del Júcar, Albacete, Spain | 16 | Worst rockfall to hit the municipality in the 20th century | [64] | ||||
18 Sep 1948 | Assam, India | Guwahati landslide | ~500 | Triggered by heavy rain | [65] | |||
10 Jul 1949 | Gharm Oblast, Tajikistan | Khait landslide, Yasman valley flowslide | 39.17 | 70.90 | 75 MCM 245 MCM |
~800 ~4,000(7,200 for all the landslides) |
Triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, largest of several landslides | [66] |
1951–1975
Note: km3 = cubic kilometre(s); MCM = million cubic metres
Date | Place | Name/article | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Casualties | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1953 | Wakayama Prefecture, Japan | Arida River landslides | 1,046 | Multiple slides due to typhoon. Many landslide dams were formed and subsequently failed in the Arid-Kawa valley. | [55] | |||
1953 | Minamiyamashiro, Sōraku District, Kyoto, Japan | Minamiyamashiro landslides | 336 dead or missing | 5,122 homes were destroyed or badly damaged by landslides and floods. | [55] | |||
7 Oct 1953 | Bekkelaget, Oslo, Norway | Bekkelaget landslide 1953 | 5 dead | [67] | ||||
12 Jul 1954 | Media Luna, Colombia | Santa Elena landslide | >100 | Mudflow triggered by heavy rain | [68] | |||
26 Oct 1954 | Salerno, Amalfi Coast | ≈ 300 | 504 millimetres (19.8 in) of rain fell in 16 hours, causing soil slides & debris flows | [69] | ||||
1958 | Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan | Kanogawa landslides | 1,094 | 19,754 homes were destroyed or badly damaged. | [55] | |||
9 Jul 1958 | Lituya Bay, Alaska, United States | 1958 Lituya Bay, Alaska earthquake and megatsunami | 30 MCM | 2 | Caused by M 7.5 earthquake, the landslide caused a megatsunami with a run-up of 524 metres (1,719 ft) in Lituya Bay. | [70] | ||
17 Aug 1959 | Madison Canyon, southwestern Montana, United States | 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake | 38 MCM | 28–36 | Caused by M 7.2 to 7.5 earthquake. Dammed the Madison River, creating Quake Lake. | [71] | ||
22 May 1960 | Riñihue Lake, Chile | Riñihuazo | −39.84 | −72.29 | ≈ 40 MCM | A series of landslides triggered by the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, blocked outflow of Riñihue Lake, causing it to rise more than 20 metres (66 ft), actions taken to lower the water level prevented repeat of a disastrous flood after the great 1575 earthquake. | [63] | |
10 Jan 1962 | Ranrahirca, Peru | 1962 Nevado Huascarán debris avalanche | −9.12 | −77.6 | 13 MCM | 4,000 – 5,000 | An avalanche of ice and rock triggered by collapse of part of a hanging glacier | [63] |
9 Oct 1963 | Longarone, Italy | Vajont landslide | 46.27 | 12.33 | 270 MCM | ≈ 2,000 | Landslide caused by heavy rains and drawdown of the Vajont Dam reservoir. Casualties and damage caused by Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). tsunami generated by landslide into reservoir. | [72] |
27 Mar 1964 | Seward, Alaska, United States | 1964 Alaska earthquake | 211 MCM at Seward, 9.6 MCM at Turnagain Heights | 106 from tsunami caused by Seward landslide | M 9.2 earthquake caused submarine landslide at Seward, and large landslides in Anchorage. One large landslide traveled for 3 miles (4.8 km) across the nearly level surface of Sherman Glacier | [8][55] | ||
9 Jan 1965 | British Columbia | Hope Slide | 49.40 | 121.26 | 48 MCM | 4 | "... no seismic or hydrometeorological trigger is discernible ..." | [73] |
28 Mar 1965 | El Cobre, Chile | El Cobre landslide | >200 | Shaking from a magnitude 7.1 earthquake caused failure of two tailings dams at the El Soldado copper mine, the resulting flow destroyed the town of El Cobre. | [74] | |||
1965 | Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, Yunnan, China | Pufu Landslide | 450 MCM | Created a dam on the Pufuguo Stream, which later failed | [49] | |||
21 Oct 1966 | Aberfan, Wales | Aberfan disaster | 51.69 | 3.35 | 144 | Collapse of an unstable colliery spoil-tip built over a series of springs, was triggered by heavy rain, killing nearly half the children at the village school. | ||
18 Feb 1967 | Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro | −22.97 | −43.20 | 110 | Worst single event in a series of landslides caused by very heavy rain in the area around Rio de Janeiro in the summers of 1966 and 1967. A high-velocity debris avalanche struck three buildings, two of them apartment buildings. The preceding rainfall fell at up to 100 millimetres (3.9 in) per hour. | [63] | ||
18 Mar 1967 | Caraguatatuba, Brazil | −23.85 | −46.63 | 7.6 MCM | 120 | Followed heavy rain, 420 millimetres (17 in) in 24 hours. | [75] | |
9 Jul 1967 | Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan | 34.25 | 132.57 | 159 | Heavy rain from Typhoon Billie caused flooding and many landslides, destroying 352 buildings and damaging 551 roads | [76] | ||
18 Aug 1968 | Hida River, Gero, Japan | 35.45 | 137.05 | 740 MCM (official estimated) | 104 | Triggered by a rainstorm, this debris flow swept two buses off the road, where they were stopped because of an earlier landslide | [77] | |
3–5 Oct 1968 | Darjeeling, India | 'thousands' | Floods caused by rainfall of 500 to 1,000 millimetres (20 to 39 in), triggered many landslides, a 60-kilometre-long (37 mi) highway was cut in 92 places | [78][79] | ||||
19–20 Aug 1969 | Nelson County, Virginia, United States | 150 (includes deaths from flooding) | Remnants of Hurricane Camille dropped at least 710 millimetres (28 in) of rain in about 8 hours, triggering numerous debris flows | [80] | ||||
31 May 1970 | Yungay, Peru | 1970 Nevado Huascarán debris avalanche | −9.12 | −77.6 | 50–100 MCM | >22,000 | Triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake, the mass travelled 14.5 kilometres (9 mi) at an average velocity of about 300 km/h (186 mph) and buried Yungay | [63][81] |
18 Mar 1971 | Chungar, Peru | Chungar avalanche and tsunami | −11.12 | −76.53 | 0.1 MCM | 400–600 | A rock avalanche from a limestone outcrop fell into Yanawayin Lake causing a wave that devastated a mining camp | [63][82] |
4 May 1971 | Saint-Jean-Vianney, Quebec, Canada | Saint-Jean-Vianney landslide | 48.47 | −71.22 | 6.9 MCM | 31 | This slide occurred in quick clay following heavy rain, destroying 41 homes | [83][84] |
18 Jun 1972 | Hong Kong | 1972 Hong Kong landslides | 156 | A series of major landslides in which several apartment complexes and houses were wiped out | [85] | |||
6 Jul 1972 | Amakusa, Japan | Amakusa disaster | 115 | Multiple slope failures caused by heavy rainfall | [86] | |||
12–13 Jul 1972 | Obara, Shikoku, Japan | Obara landslides | 64 | 218 millimetres (8.6 in) of rain in 5 hours triggered many landslides | [87][88] | |||
Apr 1974 | Junín Region, Peru | Mayunmarca Landslide | 1.0 to 1.6 km3 | 450 | Rockslide dammed Río Mantaro. Slide velocity estimated at 120 to 140 km/h (75 to 87 mph). | [89] | ||
22 Jul 1975 | Mount Meager massif, British Columbia, Canada | Devastation Glacier landslide | 0.013 km3 | 4 | Triggered by the collapse of a glacially debuttressed slope, descended Devastation Creek. | [90][91] |
1976–2000
Note: MCM = million cubic metres
Date | Place | Name/article | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Casualties | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 Nov 1977 | Tuve, Gothenburg, Sweden | Tuve landslide | 57.75 | 11.94 | 3–4 MCM | 9 | The most severe landslide in the modern history of Sweden, triggered by heavy rain | [92] |
29 Apr 1978 | Rissa, Norway | Rissa landslide | 63.55 | 9.94 | 5–6 MCM | 1 | Quick clay flowed suddenly into Botn lake, causing a small tsunami on the opposite shore | [93] |
8 Aug 1979 | Abbotsford, Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand | 1979 Abbotsford landslip | −45.897 | 170.435 | 5 MCM | 0 | Heavy rain triggered a landslide on an unstable slope, made worse by sand quarrying at the base of the slope, destroying 69 houses | [94] |
18 May 1980 | Mount St. Helens, Washington, United States | 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens | 46.200278 | −122.186667 | 2.9 km3 | 57 | The largest landslide in recorded history. Unplugged the volcanic vent, triggering the eruption. Deaths were from both the landslide and the eruption. | [1] |
1982 | Santa Cruz Mountains, California, United States | 30 | A series of mud and debris flows occurred over a wide area. | [95] | ||||
Apr 1983 | Thistle, Utah, United States | Thistle, Utah landslide | 40.00 | -111.50 | ~15 MCM | 0 | Costliest landslide in United States history; damage estimated at $200–400 million (1983 dollars). Landslide formed lake over 160 feet (49 m) deep before draining. | [96] |
5 Oct 1985 | Portugués Urbano district, Ponce, Puerto Rico | Mameyes landslide | 129 | 120 houses destroyed, greatest death toll in North American history from a single landslide. | [97][98] | |||
13 Nov 1985 | Armero, Tolima Department, Colombia | Armero tragedy | −5.03 | −74.88 | 23,000 | A minor eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano caused melting of its ice cap. This released a series of lahars, volcanic mudflows, that traveled at speeds of up to 50 km/h (31 mph) down the slopes of the volcano. These lahars swiftly moved into valleys, merging to form larger flows, one of which destroyed the town of Armero. | [63] | |
28 Jul 1987 | Valtellina, Lombardy, Italian Alps | Val Pola landslide | 34 MCM | 29 | Triggered by rapid erosion at the base of a mountain slope, created a wave that travelled 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) upstream. | [99] | ||
3–5 Jun 1993 | Scarborough, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom | Holbeck Hall Hotel landslide | ~0.5 MCM | 0 | Classic rotational failure along sea cliffs, resulting court case set important precedent in English law | [100][101] | ||
21 Oct 1993 | Pantai Remis, Perak, Malaysia | Pantai Remis landslide | 0 | Slope failure of an open pit tin mine near the sea resulted in forming a new cove measuring approximately 0.5 by 0.5 kilometres (0.3 by 0.3 mi). | ||||
4 Mar 1995 | La Conchita, California, United States | La Conchita Landslide of 1995 | 1.3 MCM | 0 | [102] | |||
30 Jul 1997 | Thredbo, New South Wales, Australia | 1997 Thredbo landslide | 18 | A leaking water pipe caused a slope failure that destroyed a ski lodge | [103] | |||
1998–1999 | Kelso, Washington, United States | Aldercrest-Banyon Landslide | 0 | Slow-moving landslide which resulted in the condemnation of 137 houses, and $40 million in damage. | [104] | |||
14–16 Dec 1999 | Vargas, Venezuela | Vargas tragedy | 30,000 | Caused by a heavy storm that deposited 911 millimetres (35.9 in) of rain in a few days | [105] | |||
12 Jul 2000 | Mumbai, India | 2000 Mumbai landslide | 19.09 | 72.90 | 78 | Caused by land erosion following heavy rains and flooding | [106] |
21st-century landslides
2001–2010
Note: m3 = cubic metre(s); MCM = million cubic metres
Date | Place | Name/article | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Casualties | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9 Nov 2001 | Amboori, Kerala, India | 40 | Supposedly worst landslide in Kerala state's history. | [107][108] | ||||
26 Mar 2004 | Mount Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia | 200–300 MCM | 32 | Landslide caused by collapse of caldera wall | [109][110][111] | |||
10 Jan 2005 | La Conchita, California, United States | 2005 La Conchita landslide | 200,000 m3 | 10 | Remobilization of colluvium from 1995 slide into a debris flow. | [102] | ||
17 Feb 2006 | Southern Leyte, Philippines | 2006 Southern Leyte mudslide | 15 MCM | 1,126 | Rock-debris avalanche triggered by ten-day period of heavy rain | [112] | ||
3 Jun 2007 | Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia | 0 | A landslide of mud, snow, rock, and trees 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) long, 200 metres (656 ft) wide, and 60 metres (197 ft) deep buried two-thirds of the valley, creating a thermal lake and burying or inundating many geysers, thermal pools, and waterfalls. | [113] | ||||
11 Jun 2007 | Chittagong, Bangladesh | 2007 Chittagong mudslides | 123 | Series of landslides caused by illegal hillside cutting and monsoon rains | [114][115] | |||
24 July 2007 | Mount Steele, Yukon Territory, Canada | Mount Steele | 108 MCM | 0 | A 400 m (1,312 ft) wide section of ice and rock fell from the north face of Mount Steele onto Steele Glacier. Reaching 252 km/h (157 mph), it traveled 5.76 km (3.58 mi). One of the largest recorded landslides in western Canada. | [116][117] [118][119] |
||
6 Sep 2008 | Cairo, Egypt | 2008 Cairo landslide | 119 | Rockfall from cliffs, individual boulders up to 70 tonnes | [120] | |||
9 Aug 2009 | Siaolin Village, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | Siaolin mudslide | 30–45 MCM | 439–600 | Resulted from Typhoon Morakot. | [121][122][123] | ||
4 Jan 2010 | Attabad, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan | Hunza Valley landslide | 30 MCM | 20 | Formed Attabad Lake by damming Hunza River, blocked Karakoram Highway | [124][125] | ||
20 Feb 2010 | Madeira Island, Portugal | 2010 Madeira floods and mudslides | 42 | [126] | ||||
1 Mar 2010 | Bududa District, Uganda | 2010 Ugandan landslide | 100–300 | [127] | ||||
10 May 2010 | Saint-Jude, Quebec | 4 | [128] | |||||
23 May 2010 | Jiang Zhidong Jiangxi, China | 2010 Jiangxi derailment | 0 | The landslide was caused by previous days of heavy rain and flooding in the region. | [129][130] | |||
6 Aug 2010 | Mount Meager, British Columbia, Canada | Meager landslide | 48.5 MCM | 0 | Comparable in volume to the 1965 Hope Slide | [131] | ||
8 Aug 2010 | Gansu, China | 2010 Gansu mudslide | 1,287 | [132] |
2011–present
Note: MCM = million cubic metres
Date | Place | Name/article | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Casualties | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8 Oct 2011 | Iron County, Utah, United States | 37.63°N | 112.94°W | 3.1 MCM | 0 | Covered 1,300 feet (396 m) of Utah State Route 14. | [133] | |
10 Apr 2013 | Salt Lake City, Utah, United States | Bingham Canyon Mine landslide | 40.523°N | 112.151°W | 55 MCM | 0 | Possibly the largest historic, non-volcanic, terrestrial landslide in North America. | [134][135][136] |
16 Jun 2013 | Kedarnath, Uttarakhand, India | 2013 North India floods | 5,700 | |||||
13 Dec 2013 | Rockville, Utah, United States | 2 | Single boulder weighing several hundred tons crushed a two-storey home with residents inside. | [137] | ||||
16 Feb 2014 | Mount La Perouse, Alaska, United States | 58.542°N | 137.01°W | 0 | A 68,000,000-short-ton (61,000,000-long-ton; 62,000,000 t) landslide traveled 7.4 kilometres (4.6 mi), depositing a layer of debris up to 40 feet (12.2 m) deep. | [138] | ||
22 Mar 2014 | Oso, Washington, United States | 2014 Oso mudslide | 48.283°N | 121.847°W | 10 MCM (early estimate) | 43 | 49 structures destroyed or affected | [139][140] |
2 May 2014 | Argo District, Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan | 2014 Badakhshan mudslides | 350–500 reported | 4,000 people displaced (as of 4 May 2014) | [141] | |||
25 May 2014 | Mesa County, Colorado, United States | 2014 West Salt Creek landslide | 39°10′07″N | 107°50′54″W | 3 | |||
30 Jul 2014 | Malin, Ambegaon taluka, Pune district, Maharashtra, India | 2014 Malin landslide | 19°9′40″N | 73°41′18″E | 136 | 100+ missing | [142] | |
2 Aug 2014 | Sunkoshi, Sindhupalchok District, Nepal | 2014 Sunkoshi blockage | 5.5 MCM | 156+ | [143] | |||
20 Aug 2014 | Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan | 2014 Hiroshima landslides | 74 | Deadliest landslides in Japan in 42 years | [144][145] | |||
29 Oct 2014 | Badulla District, Sri Lanka | 2014 Badulla landslide | 16+ | 192 missing and presumed dead | [146][147] | |||
13 Dec 2014 | Jemblung village, Java, Indonesia | 2014 Indonesia landslide | 93 | 23 missing | [148][149] | |||
23 Apr 2015 | Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan | 2015 Badakhshan landslides | 52 | |||||
28 Apr 2015 | Salvador, Bahia, Brazil | 2015 Bahia landslide | 14 | |||||
18 May 2015 | Salgar, Antioquia Department Colombia | 2015 Colombian landslide | 83 dead; 30+ missing (as of 20 May 2015) | [150] | ||||
11 Aug 2015 | Saint Elias Mountains, Alaska, U.S. | 0 | 40 million metric tons of rock fell onto the surface of Turner Glacier. | [119] | ||||
1 Oct 2015 | El Cambray Dos, Guatemala Department, Guatemala | 2015 Guatemala landslide | 280 dead; 70 missing
. |
|||||
11 Oct 2015 | Mount Steele, Yukon Territory, Canada | 20 MCM | 0 | 45 million metric tons of rock, snow, and ice, slid 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) down the mountainside and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) across the surface of Steele Glacier. | [118][119] | |||
17 Oct 2015 | Taan Fiord, Icy Bay, Alaska, United States | Icy Bay (Alaska) | 76 MCM | 0 | Mountainside weakened by glacial retreat collapsed, dumping 200,000,000 short tons (180,000,000 long tons; 180,000,000 t) of debris onto foot of Tyndall Glacier and into Taan Fiord, generating a 100-meter (328 ft) megatsunami with a run-up of 193 meters (633 ft). | [151][152][153] [154][155][156] [157][158][159] |
||
13 Nov 2015 | Lidong Village, Zhejiang, China | 38 | [160] | |||||
21 Nov 2015 | Hpakant, Myanmar | 2015 Hpakant jade mine disaster | 113 dead; more than 100 missing | A 60-metre (197 ft) man-made heap of waste soil mined out of a nearby jade mine collapsed, burying about 70 huts in a nearby village. | [161][162][163] | |||
28 Jun 2016 | Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, U.S. | 62.0 to 77.8 MCM | 0 | A Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). mountainside collapsed, dropping Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). of rock and debris onto Lamplugh Glacier above the head of Johns Hopkins Inlet, leaving a Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1851: attempt to index local 'en_value' (a nil value). long debris field on the glacier. | [164][165] | |||
2 Apr 2017 | Mocoa, Colombia | 2017 Mocoa landslide | 1°9′00″N | 76°38′51″W | 329+ | 70 missing, third-deadliest weather-related disaster in Colombian history. | [166] | |
12 Jun 2017 | Rangamati, Chittagong and Bandarban, Bangladesh | 2017 Bangladesh landslides | 22°38′00″N | 92°12′00″E | 152 | Worst landslides in Bangladesh's history. | [167][168][169] [170][171] |
|
17 Jun 2017 | Nuugaatsiaq, Greenland | 2017 Karrat Fjord landslide | 71°32′06″N | 53°12′45″W | 4 | A mountain landslide caused an enormous amount of rock to slide in the Karrat Fjord in Northeast Greenland, causing a tsunami with a wave height of (initially) 90 meters, that damagad the village of Nuugaatsiaq 20 km downstream (when the wave was already much lower). | [172][173][174] | |
24 Jun 2017 | Xinmo village, Mao County, Sichuan Province, southwestern China | 2017 Xinmo landslide | 32º4'N | 103º39'E | Depletion volume: 4.26 MCM
Accumulation volume: 13.25 MCM |
10 dead; 73 missing | Probably triggered by the failure of a rock mass previously weakened by the Mw 7.3 Diexi earthquake in 1933 and weathered, after a rainy season. | [175] |
14 Aug 2017 | Freetown, Sierra Leone | 2017 Sierra Leone mudslides | 8°29′N | 13°14′W | 1,141+ | Triggered by a particularly wet rainy season | [176] | |
9 Jan 2018 | California, United States | 2018 South California landslides | 34°03′N | 118°15′W | 20 | Occurred several months after a series of major wildfires devastated nearby areas, causing deforestation and increasing the risk of a landslide. | [177][178] | |
22 Apr 2019 | Hpakant, Myanmar | 50–57 dead | Mudslide at jade mine buried victims under 30 metres (98 ft) of debris. | [179] | ||||
28 Jul 2019 | Hpakant, Myanmar | 14 dead; 4 missing | Landslide at jade mine triggered by heavy rain. | [180] | ||||
9 Aug 2019 | Mottama, Paung Township, Myanmar | 70 dead | Triggered by torrential rain. Destroyed 27 houses in the Thae Phyu Kone village tract of Mottama. | [181][182] | ||||
5 Dec 2019 | Nyempundu, Gikomero and Rukombe, Cibitoke province, northwestern Burundi | 2019 Burundi landslide | 2.8103° S | 29.1856° E | 26-38+ dead, ~10 missing | Triggered by unseasonably heavy rains across East Africa due to the Indian Ocean being warmer than usual, partly as result of cyclical weather phenomenons and warming oceans. | [183][184] | |
3 Jun 2020 | Alta, Norway | Alta landslide | 70.0305° N | 23.0706° E | 0 | Liquefaction of quick clay in coastal location swept eight houses into the sea. Slide was 650m wide by up to 140m deep. | [185] | |
2 July 2020 | Hpakant area in Myanmar | 2020 Hpakant jade mine disaster | 113+ dead | Triggered by heavy rain, killing jade stone collectors. | [186] | |||
7 Aug 2020 | Pettimudi, Rajamalai, Munnar, Idukki Kerala India | 2020 Pettimudi landslide | 10.163309° N | 77.013144° E | 66+ dead | Following a red alert issued by the India Meteorological Department (IMD)- of heavy to very heavy rainfall in parts of Kerala, torrential rains pounded Idukki district, resulting in a major landslide. Several estate workers of a tea plantation are feared trapped. | [187] | |
30 December 2020 | Gjerdrum, Norway | 2020 Gjerdrum landslide | 60.064612° N | 11.036005° E | 1.4–2.1 million cubic m. (estimated) | 7 dead
~3 missing |
Seven people have been found dead (as of 3 January) and 3 people are missing, among those are children and adults.[188] In 2005, one report called the area where the landslide later occurred, as a "high risk zone".[189] | [1] |
3 July 2021 | Atami, Japan | 2021 Atami mudslide | 2 dead |
Ongoing landslides
Note: MCM = million cubic metres
Dates | Place | Name/article | Lat. | Long. | Volume | Casualties | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950-now | Siguas Valley and Vitor valley, Peru | 12 landslides of 20-80 MCM | Destroying critical international highway and river valleys below. Irrigation of arid plateaus, expansion of farmland definitive cause of long-term moving slides. | [190] | ||||
Rediscovered 1983 | Åkerneset, Norway | 18-54 MCM | Ca. 2 metres (6.6 ft) wide in 1983, a 500-metre (1,640 ft)-long crack in the slope of the mountain Åkerneset is widening 4 centimetres (1.6 in) per year. Moving slab of rock is at elevation of 150 to 900 metres (490 to 2,950 ft) and is 62 metres (203 ft) thick. Eventual catastrophic collapse into Sunnylvsfjorden could generate megatsunamis of 35 to 100 metres (115 to 328 ft) in height. | [191] | ||||
Monitored since 2010 | Troms og Finnmark, Norway | 69.137° N | 20.103° E | 1.3-70 MCM | The Váráš rock slope deformation in the valley Signaldalen in northern Norway is 85 to 100 metres (279 to 328 ft) thick and moving at up to 15 millimetres (0.6 in) per year. | [192] |
See also
References
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- ↑ Anonymous, "Myanmar Lawmaker: 50 Believed Dead in Mudslide at Jade Mine," voanews.com, 23 April 2019, 9:29 a.m. Retrieved 3 July 2020
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