List of medieval great powers
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This is a list of great powers during the medieval period. The term "great power" has only been used in historiography and political science since the Congress of Vienna in 1815.[1] Lord Castlereagh, the British Foreign Secretary, first used the term in its diplomatic context in 1814. Use of the term in medieval historiography is therefore idiosyncratic to each author. In historiography of the pre-modern period, it is more typical to talk of empires (itself a poorly-defined term, see list of empires).
Contents
Muslim states
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The Middle Ages proper begin with the collapse of the remnants of Late Antiquity in the 7th century due to the Islamic conquests. The Old World is largely dominated by Muslim caliphates during the mid-7th to 10th centuries.
| Name | Duration | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|
| Rashidun Caliphate | 632–661 | |
| Umayyad Caliphate | 661–750 | |
| Abbasid Caliphate | 750–1258 | |
| Fatimid Caliphate | 909–1171 | |
| Ghaznavid Empire | 10th c. | |
| Ayyubid Sultanate | 1171–1246 | |
| Great Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rûm | 1040–1154 | [3] |
| Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt | 1250–1380 | |
| Ilkhanate/Timurid Empire | 1250s–1526 | [4] |
Christian states
Eastern Christianity
| Name | Duration | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|
| Roman Empire | 4th.–12th c. | The Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire was the foremost Christian power in the early medieval period, but under pressure from the Islamic conquests and the Turkic expansion it declined in the high medieval period. It fell to Frankish conquest in 1204 and although restored in the 1260s it did not regain its former stature. |
| Bulgarian Empire | 10th c. | [5] |
| Serbian Empire | 14th c. | |
| Kievan Rus' | 882-1240 | |
| Grand Duchy of Moscow | 13th–16th c. | |
| Ethiopian Empire | 12th–16th c. |
Latin Christianity
| Name | Duration | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|
| Frankish Empire/Carolingian Empire | 8th/9th c. | |
| North Sea Empire | 11th c. | |
| Kingdom of Germany/Holy Roman Empire | 10th-16th c. | |
| Kingdom of Hungary | 10th-13th c. | |
| Kingdom of Jerusalem/Crusader states | 12th c. | |
| Kingdom of France | 12th-16th c. | |
| Angevin Empire/Kingdom of England | 12th-16th c. | |
| Republic of Genoa | 1099–1380 | |
| Republic of Venice | 1204–1489 | |
| Crown of Castile | 1230–1480 | |
| Crown of Aragon | 1340s – 1480s | |
| Poland-Lithuania | 1386–1572 | |
| Papal States | 14th/15th c. | |
| Kalmar Union | 1397–1523 |
Medieval China
| Name | Duration | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|
| Sui dynasty | 581–618 | |
| Tang dynasty | 7th–9th c. | |
| Song dynasty | 990s–1080s | |
| Ming dynasty | 1370s–1550s | |
| Yuan dynasty | 1271–1368 |
Medieval Korea
| Name | Duration | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|
| Silla | 57 BCE–935 | Unified Silla 668–935 |
| Goryeo | 918–1392 |
Inner Asia and Mongolia
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| Name | Duration | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|
| Göktürk Turkic Khaganate | 7th/8th c. | |
| Uyghur Khaganate | 8th c. | |
| Mongol Empire | 1206–1260s | The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world. |
Sub-Saharan Africa
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| Name | Duration | Notes and references |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Nri | 948–1911 | |
| Ghana Empire | 10th c.? | |
| Kingdom of Zimbabwe | 1220–1450 | |
| Mali Empire | 1300–1450 | |
| Songhai Empire | 15th/16th c. |
South and Southeast Asia
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- Chola Dynasty 300-1279
- Chalukya Empire 543-753
- Srivijaya Empire 650-1377
- Pala Empire 750-1174
- Rashtrakuta Empire 753-982
- Khmer Empire 802-1431
- Delhi Sultanate 1192-1506
- Majapahit Empire 1293-1527
- Bengal Sultanate 1352-1576
Pre-Columbian Americas
- Maya Civilization: Classic period (c. 250 to 900)
- Inca Empire 13th-16th c.
- Aztec Empire 13th-16th c.
See also
- Middle Ages
- List of ancient great powers
- List of modern great powers
- Great power
- Superpower
- Middle power
- List of largest empires
- List of historical countries and empires spanning more than one continent
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143. "Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model." Encyclopaedia Iranica, Iran: Islamic Period – Ghaznavids, E. Yarshater
- ↑ Jean Paul Roux:Historie des Turcs (Trans:Prof Dr.Aykut Kazancıgil - Lale Arslan Özcan) Kabalcı yayınevi, İstanbul, 2007, ISBN 975-997-091-0, p.205–205
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica article: Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids, Online Edition, 2007.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- Cooper, F. (2008). Empires and Political Imagination in World History. Princeton [u.a.]: Princeton University Press.
- Doyle, M. W. (1986). Empires. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
- English, Edward D. ed. Encyclopedia Of The Medieval World (2 vol. 2004).
- Farrington, K. (2003). Historical Atlas of Empires. London: Mercury.
- Harrison, T., & J. Paul Getty Museum. (2009). The Great Empires of the Ancient World. Los Angeles, Calif: J. Paul Getty Museum.
- Khan, A. (2004). A Historical Atlas of India. New York: Rosen Pub.
- Jordan, William Chester. (1996) The Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia for Students (4 Volumes)
- Labberton, R. H. (1884). An historical atlas: A chronological series of one hundred and twelve maps at successive periods. New York.
- Litwin, H. (2016), Central European Superpower, BUM Magazine, October 2016.
- Loyn, H. R. (1989) The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. (1989)
- Morris, I., & Scheidel, W. (2009). The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State power from Assyria to Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Pella, John & Erik Ringmar, History of International Relations Open Textbook Project, Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming.
- Petitjean, P., Jami, C., Moulin, A. M., & Equipe REHSEIS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France)). (1992). Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Shepherd, W. R., & C.S. Hammond & Company. (1911). Historical Atlas. New York: Henry Holt and Co.
- Stearns, Peter N. ed. The Encyclopedia of World History (2001).
