List of military occupations

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This article is about territorial occupations. For military ranks, see List of comparative military ranks.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. This article presents a list of military occupations. Only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907[1] are included In this article.

Military occupation is effective provisional control of a certain power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the volition of the actual sovereign.[2][3][4] Military occupation is distinguished from annexation[5] by its intended temporary nature (i.e. no claim for permanent sovereignty), by its military nature, and by citizenship rights of the controlling power not being conferred upon the subjugated population (see List of annexations).[3][6][7][8]

Past military occupations

20th Century

1907-1919

Occupied Territory From- To Occupied State Occupying State Conflict Part of War(s) Subsequently annexed?
parts of Libya 1911–1912  Ottoman Empire  Italy Invasion of Libya Italo-Turkish War No
Albania 1912–1913  Albania  Serbia Occupation of Albania Balkan Wars No
Nicaragua 1912–1933  Nicaragua  United States Occupation of Nicaragua Banana Wars No
Albania 1914–1918[9]  Albania  Austria-Hungary Occupation of Albania World War I No
Eastern Galicia 1914–1918  Austria-Hungary  Russia Occupation of Eastern Galicia No
Belgium 1914–1918  Belgium  Germany Invasion of Belgium No
Northeastern France 1914–1918  France Invasion of Northeastern France No
Luxembourg 1914–1918  Luxembourg Occupation of Luxembourg No
Veracruz 1914  Mexico  United States Occupation of Veracruz Mexican Revolution No
Montenegro 1914–1918[9]  Montenegro  Austria-Hungary Christmas Uprising World War I No
Lublin 1915–1918  Russia  Austria-Hungary,  Germany Invasion of Lublin No
Parts of Russia 1914–1919  Germany Invasion of Baltic Russia No
Serbia 1914–1918  Serbia  Austria-Hungary Invasion of Serbia No
Albania 1915–1917  Albania  Bulgaria Occupation of Albania No
German South-West Africa 1914–1915  Germany  South Africa South-West Africa campaign No
Haiti 1915–1934  Haiti  United States Occupation of Haiti Banana Wars No
Dominican Republic 1916–1924  Dominican Republic Occupation of the Dominican Republic No
Cuba 1917–1922  Cuba Sugar Intervention No
Northeastern Italy 1917–1918  Italy  Austria-Hungary Invasion of Northeastern Italy World War I No
Russian Far East, Caucasus and parts of Northern Russia 1918–1925[(N) 1]  Soviet Union  Czechoslovakia,  United Kingdom,  Canada,  British Raj,  Australia, Japan,  Greece,  Poland,  United States,  France,  Romania, Serbia,  Italy,Republic of China (1912–49) China Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Russian Civil War No
Parts of Turkey 1919–1922[10]  Ottoman Empire  France Occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna World War I No
 Greece No
 Italy No
 United Kingdom No

1920-1939

Occupied Territory From- To Occupied State Occupying State Conflict Part of War(s) Subsequently annexed?
Transcaucasia 1920 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic  Russian SFSR Invasion of Azerbaijan Russian Civil War Yes
1921  Democratic Republic of Georgia Invasion of Georgia Yes
Ruhr 1923–1924  Germany  Belgium
 France		 Occupation of the Ruhr Aftermath of World War I No
Manchuria[(PMO) 1] 1931–1945  Republic of China  Japan Invasion of Manchuria Second Sino-Japanese War No
Xinjiang 1934  Soviet Union Invasion of Xinjiang Kumul Rebellion No
Ethiopia 1935–1941  Ethiopia  Italy Invasion of Ethiopia Second Italo-Ethiopian War No
Parts of China[(PMO) 2] 1937–1945  Republic of China  Japan Second Sino-Japanese War World War II No
Shanghai[(PMO) 3] 1937–1945 No
Czechoslovakia 1938–1945  Czechoslovakia  Germany Occupation of Czechoslovakia Interwar period Partial
Albania 1939–1945  Albania  Italy Invasion of Albania No
Carpatho-Ukraine 1939–1944  Czechoslovakia  Hungary Invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine No
parts of Finland 1939–1940  Finland  Soviet Union Winter War World War II No
Poland 1939–1945  Poland  Germany Invasion of Poland Partial
Eastern Poland 1939–1941  Soviet Union Annexation of Polish territories Partial

1940-1959

Occupied Territory From- To Occupied State Occupying State Conflict Part of War(s) Subsequently annexed?
Belgium 1940–1945  Belgium  Germany Invasion of Belgium World War II No
Denmark 1940–1945  Denmark Invasion of Denmark No
Faroe Islands 1940–1945  United Kingdom Occupation of the Faroe Islands No
Hankoniemi 1940–1941  Finland  Soviet Union Winter War No
Iceland[(N) 2] 1940–1945  Denmark  United Kingdom Occupation of Iceland No
 Iceland  United States[(N) 3] No
Estonia 1940–1941  Estonia[(N) 4][(N) 5]  Soviet Union Occupation of the Baltic states No
Northern France 1940–1944  France  Germany Invasion of Northern France No
Southeastern France 1940–1943  Italy Italian invasion of France No
Vietnam 1940–1945  Japan Invasion of French Indochina No
Latvia 1940–1941  Latvia[(N) 4][(N) 5]  Soviet Union Occupation of the Baltic states No
Lithuania 1940–1941  Lithuania[(N) 4][(N) 5] No
Luxembourg 1940–1945  Luxembourg  Germany Occupation of Luxembourg No
Netherlands 1940–1945  Netherlands Invasion of the Netherlands No
Norway 1940–1945  Norway Invasion of Norway No
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1940  Romania  Soviet Union Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina No
Channel Islands 1940–1945  United Kingdom  Germany Occupation of the Channel Islands No
Cambodia 1941–1945  France  Japan Invasion of Cambodia No
Greece 1941–1944  Greece  Bulgaria Occupation of Greece No
 Italy No
 Germany No
Iran 1941–1946  Iran  Soviet Union,  United Kingdom Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran No
Belarus 1941–1944  Soviet Union  Germany Occupation of Belarus No
Estonia 1941–1944  Soviet Union Occupation of Estonia No
 Estonia[(N) 4][(N) 5]
Latvia 1941–1944  Soviet Union Occupation of Latvia No
 Latvia[(N) 4][(N) 5]
Lithuania 1941–1944  Soviet Union Occupation of Lithuania No
 Lithuania[(N) 4][(N) 5]
Eastern Karelia 1941–1944  Soviet Union  Finland Occupation of Eastern Karelia Continuation War No
Guam 1941–1944  United States  Japan Occupation of Guam World War II No
Transnistria 1941–1944  Soviet Union  Romania Operation Barbarossa No
Borneo 1941–1945  United Kingdom  Japan Occupation of British Borneo No
Hong Kong 1941–1945 Occupation of Hong Kong No
Malaya 1941–1945 Occupation of Malaya No
Yugoslavia 1941–1945  Yugoslavia  Bulgaria Military operations in the territory of Yugoslavia No
 Hungary No
 Italy No
 Germany No
New Guinea 1942–1945  Australia  Japan New Guinea campaign No
Nauru 1942–1945  Australia,  New Zealand,  United Kingdom Occupation of Nauru No
Andaman Islands 1942–1945  British Raj Occupation of the Andaman Islands No
Dutch East Indies 1942–1945  Netherlands Occupation of Dutch East Indies No
Philippines 1942–1945  Philippines Occupation of the Philippines No
Burma (Myanmar) 1942–1945  United Kingdom Occupation of Burma No
Singapore 1942–1945 Occupation of Singapore No
Kiska 1942–1943  United States Occupation of Kiska No
Attu 1942–1943 Occupation of Attu No
Italian Libya 1943–1951  Libya  United Kingdom,  France Allied occupation of Libya No
Italy 1943–1945  Italy  Germany Occupation of Italy No
Bulgaria 1944–1947  Bulgaria  Soviet Union Occupation of Bulgaria No
Porkkalanniemi 1944–1956  Finland Moscow Armistice Continuation War No
Estonia 1944–1991  Estonia[(N) 4][(N) 5] Occupation of the Baltic states World War II Yes
Hungary 1944–1945  Hungary  Germany Occupation of Hungary No
Latvia 1944–1991  Latvia[(N) 4][(N) 5]  Soviet Union Occupation of the Baltic states Yes
Lithuania 1944–1991  Lithuania[(N) 4][(N) 5] Yes
Romania 1944–1958  Romania Occupation of Romania Yes
Austria 1945–1955  Austria  United Kingdom,  United States,  Soviet Union and  France Allied-occupied Austria No
Czechoslovakia 1945  Czechoslovakia  Soviet Union Occupation of Czechoslovakia No
Manchuria 1945–1946  Manchukuo Occupation of Manchuria Soviet–Japanese War No
Germany 1945–1949  Germany  United Kingdom,  United States,  Soviet Union and  France Allied-occupied Germany World War II No
West Berlin and East Berlin 1945–1990 No
Northern Iran 1945–1946  Iran  Soviet Union Iran crisis of 1946 No
Japan 1945–1951  Japan  United States Occupation of Japan No
Taiwan 1945–1952[13]  Republic of China Invasion of Taiwan Yes
Korea 1945–1948  Korea  United States and  Soviet Union Occupation of Korea No
Parts of Vietnam 1945–1946  Vietnam  United Kingdom War of Vietnam No
West Bank 1948–1967[14]  All-Palestine  Jordan Occupation of West Bank Arab–Israeli conflict No
Sinai 1956[15][16]  Egypt  France,  Israel, and  United Kingdom Suez Crisis Arab–Israeli conflict No
Hungary 1956  Hungary  Soviet Union Hungarian Uprising Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Yes
Gaza Strip 1959–1967  All-Palestine  Egypt Occupation of the Gaza Strip 1948 Arab-Israeli War No
Laos 1959–1975  Laos  North Vietnam Invasion of Laos Laotian Civil War No

1960-1979

Occupied Territory From- To Occupied State Occupying State Conflict Part of War(s) Subsequently annexed?
Dominican Republic 1965–1966  Dominican Republic  United States Invasion of the Dominican Republic Dominican Civil War No
Sinai 1967–1982  Egypt  Israel Six-Day War Israeli-Arab conflict No
Czechoslovakia 1968–1991  Czechoslovakia  Soviet Union,  Bulgaria,  People's Republic of Poland,  East Germany, Hungary Invasion of Czechoslovakia Prague Spring No
Bangladesh 26 March 1971-16 December 1971  Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)  Pakistan[17] 1971 Bangladesh genocide Bangladesh Liberation War No
17 April 1971-12 January 1972 Bangladesh Provisional Government of Bangladesh Bangladeshi Resistance No
16 December 1971-19 March 1972  India (as part of Friendship Force) Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 No
Parts of Angola 1975–1976  Angola  South Africa South African invasion of Angola South African Border War No
East Timor 1975–1999  East Timor  Indonesia Indonesian occupation of East Timor Invasion of East Timor Yes
Aouzou Strip 1976–1987  Chad  Libya Occupation of the Aouzou Strip Chadian–Libyan conflict No
Parts of Lebanon 1976– 2005  Lebanon  Syria Occupation of Lebanon Lebanese Civil War No
Kagera Region 1978  Uganda  Tanzania Ugandan invasion of Kagera Uganda–Tanzania War No
South Lebanon and Southern Lebanon 1978– 1984  Lebanon Free Lebanon State 1978 South Lebanon conflict Lebanese Civil War No
1984-2000  Israel Occupation of Southern Lebanon 1982 Lebanon War No
Cambodia 1979–1989  Cambodia  Vietnam Invasion of Kampuchea Cambodian–Vietnamese War No
Afghanistan 1979–1989 Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan  Soviet Union Invasion of Afghanistan Soviet–Afghan War No
Parts of Vietnam 1979  Vietnam  China Invasion of Vietnam Sino-Vietnamese War No

1980-1999

Occupied Territory From- To Occupied State Occupying State Conflict Part of War(s) Subsequently annexed?
Grenada 1983  Grenada  United States Invasion of Grenada Grenadian Revolution No
Falkland Islands 1982  United Kingdom  Argentina Occupation of the Falkland Islands Falklands War No
Northern Province 1987–1990  Sri Lanka  India Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Sri Lankan Civil War No
Maldives 1988  Maldives 1988 Maldives coup d'état No
Panama 1989–1990  Panama  United States Invasion of Panama War on Drugs No
Kuwait 1990  Kuwait  Iraq Invasion of Kuwait Gulf War Yes
Haiti 1994–1995  Haiti  United States,  Poland,  Argentina Operation Uphold Democracy 1991 Haitian coup d'état No
Lesotho 1998–1999  Lesotho  South Africa and  Botswana Operation Boleas Lesotho general election riots No
Parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1998– 2002[18]  Democratic Republic of the Congo  Uganda,  Rwanda,  Zimbabwe,  Angola,  Namibia,  Chad, and  Sudan Foreign support to the DR Congo Second Congo War No
Kargil District 1999  India  Pakistan Kargil War Indo-Pakistani Wars No

Former occupied territories in 21st century

Occupied Territory From- To Occupied State Occupying State Conflict Part of War(s) Subsequently annexed?
Iraq 2003–2004  Iraq  United States  United Kingdom 2003 Invasion of Iraq Iraq War No
Parts of Somalia 2006–2009[19]  Somalia  Ethiopia War in Somalia (2006–09) Somali Civil War No
Gori and Poti 2008  Georgia  Russia Occupation of Gori and Poti Russo-Georgian War No
Perevi 2008–2010 Occupation of Perevi No

Current military occupations

Territory occupied Since Occupied state Occupying state Status
East Jerusalem 1967 Palestinian territories

 Palestine[(N) 6] (declared in 1988)

  Israel Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; de facto annexed in 1980 via the Jerusalem Law
Gaza Strip Palestinian territories

 Palestine[(N) 6] (declared in 1988)

 Seized during the Six-Day War from Egypt; In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory, however the United Nations still considers it an occupying power. Gaza's border crossings with Israel and maritime and air space are controlled by Israel.[(N) 7]
Golan Heights  Syria Seized during the Six-Day War; de facto annexed in 1981 via the Golan Heights Law
West Bank Palestinian territories

 Palestine[(N) 6] (declared in 1988)

 Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; administered by the Israeli Civil Administration. The Oslo II Accord, officially signed on 28 September 1995, divided the West Bank into the Area C administered by Israel and the Area A and B administered by the Palestinian National Authority.
Northern Cyprus 1974  Cyprus  Turkey
 TRNC		 Seized during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; administered as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a state with no international recognition
Southern Provinces
(80% of Western Sahara)		 1975

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (claimed) [(N) 8]

  Morocco Seized during the Western Sahara War; de facto annexed; administered as the Southern Provinces; claimed by Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Transnistria 1992  Moldova  Transnistria
 Russia		 Seized during the War of Transnistria; administered as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Karki 1992  Azerbaijan  Armenia Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Ararat Province
Nagorno-Karabakh
(and surrounding territories)		 1994 Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; Nagorno-Karabakh administered as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Barxudarlı Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province
Yuxarı Əskipara 1994  Armenia  Azerbaijan Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province
Artsvashen Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Gadabay District
Kosovo 1999  Serbia  NATO
 Kosovo		 Serbian state that was seized by the NATO-led Kosovo Force to cease hostilities with Serbia and two days after they were authorized to do so by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. The Republic of Kosovo has recognition from 109 countries and various international institutions.
Abkhazia 2008  Georgia  Abkhazia
 Russia		 Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of Abkhazia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia)
South Ossetia  South Ossetia
 Russia		 Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of South Ossetia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia)
Luhansk Oblast 2014  Ukraine 23x15px Lugansk People's Republic See Russian military intervention in Ukraine
Donetsk Oblast Donetsk People's Republic
Crimea  Russia
Northern parts of Aleppo Governorate 2016  Syria  Turkey
 Syrian opposition		 See Turkish military intervention in Syria

See also

Footnotes and references

Footnotes
  1. ↑ Most of the Allies had withdrawn by 1920, Japan continued to occupy Northern Sakhalin until 1925
  2. ↑ On 17 June 1944, Iceland dissolved its union with Denmark and the Danish monarchy and declared itself a republic.
  3. ↑ On 7 July 1941, the defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.[11]
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation, the United States acted with a consistency and a tenacity of which we can all be proud. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands. [12]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 East Jerusalem, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip have been occupied by Israel since 1967.[20] The State of Palestine, which claims these territories, did not declare its independence until 1988. See Palestinian Declaration of Independence. The State of Palestine is, as of November 2015, recognized by 136 countries.[21]
  7. ↑ In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a Spokesperson's Noon Briefing" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the United Nations Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."
  8. ↑ The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic did not declare its independence until 1976.
Past Military Occupations
  1. ↑ See also Manchukuo
  2. ↑ See also Second Sino-Japanese War#Full scale invasion of China
  3. ↑ See also Shanghai#History
References
  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Annexation refers to de jure Annexation or annexation as defined under international law.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA254&dq=pakistan+occupation+forces+bangladesh+1971&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi21euFzerRAhUMKY8KHZ5jD_8Q6AEINTAF#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20occupation%20forces%20bangladesh%201971&f=false
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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