Lublin

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For other uses, see Lublin (disambiguation).
Lublin
Top: panorama of Old Town Lublin, including Crown Tribural Second left: façade buildings in Staego Street. Second right: Lublin Castle. Third left: view of Tynitarska Tower, Cracow Gate and many of historical built from Miasto Square. Third right: Tentement house in Klonawica Street, Bottom: view of Plac po Farze area
Top: panorama of Old Town Lublin, including Crown Tribural Second left: façade buildings in Staego Street. Second right: Lublin Castle. Third left: view of Tynitarska Tower, Cracow Gate and many of historical built from Miasto Square. Third right: Tentement house in Klonawica Street, Bottom: view of Plac po Farze area
Flag of Lublin
Flag		 File:POL Lublin COA 1.svg
Coat of arms
Lublin is located in Poland
Lublin
Lublin
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country Poland
Voivodeship Lublin
County city county
Established before 12th century
Town rights 1317
Government
 • Mayor Krzysztof Żuk
Area
 • City 147 km2 (57 sq mi)
Population (2009)
 • City 349,103
 • Density 2,400/km2 (6,200/sq mi)
 • Metro 664,000
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 20-001 to 20-999
Area code(s) +48 81
Car plates LU
Website http://www.um.lublin.pl/ http://www.lublin.eu/en

Lublin [ˈlublʲin] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין‎ Lublin; English pronunciation: /ˈlʌblᵻn/[1]) is the ninth largest city in Poland and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 349,103 (March 2011). Lublin is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. Lublin is approximately 170 kilometres (106 miles) southeast of the capital, Warsaw.

Cracow Gate in the Old Town is among the most recognisable landmarks of the city.
Another characteristic building in Lublin is the Royal Castle.

History

The first permanent settlements on the future site of Lublin were established in the early Middle Ages, though archeological finds indicate a long, earlier presence of cultures in the general area. The earliest, most significant settlement began in the 6th century on a hill in the suburb of Czwartek (in Polish Thursday, most likely in reference to the market day of the settlement). It is likely that the surrounding hills, site of the present day Old Town, were settled at this time. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Czwartek settlement became an important trade centre.[citation needed] The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it military significance. The first fortification on the site may have been built as early as the 8th century, possibly on the Castle Hill. Certainly at the end of the 10th century a significant fortification existed there. As the castle grew, the Old Town hill adjacent to it became the main focus of settlement, and the Czwartek settlement declined in relative importance. The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.[citation needed]

The city was a target of attacks by Tatars, Ruthenes, Yotvingians and Lithuanians and was destroyed several times. It was also ruled by Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia between 1289 and 1302. It received a city charter in 1317. Casimir the Great, appreciating the site's strategic importance, built a masonry castle in 1341 and encircled the city with defensive walls.[2]

Jagiellonian Poland

Union of Lublin

In 1392, the city received an important trade privilege from king Władysław Jagiełło, and with the coming of the peace between Poland and Lithuania developed into a trade centre, handling a large portion of commerce between the two countries.[citation needed] In 1474 the area around Lublin was carved out of Sandomierz Voivodeship and combined to form the Lublin Voivodeship, the third voivodeship of Lesser Poland. During the 15th century and 16th century the town grew rapidly. The largest trade fairs of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Lublin. During the 16th century the noble parliaments (sejm) were held in Lublin several times. On 26 June 1569, one of the most important proclaimed the Union of Lublin, which united Poland and Lithuania. The Lithuanian name for the city is Liublinas.

Some of the artists and writers of the 16th century Polish renaissance lived and worked in Lublin, including Sebastian Klonowic and Jan Kochanowski, who died in the city in 1584. In 1578 the Crown Tribunal, the highest court of the Lesser Poland region, was established in Lublin.[citation needed]

Since the second half of the 16th century, Protestant Reformation movements devolved in Lublin, and a large congregation of Polish Brethren was present in the city. One of Poland's most important Jewish communities was also established in Lublin around this time. Jews established a widely respected yeshiva, Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery and education centre (kahal) and built the Grodzka Gate (known as the Jewish Gate) in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Nazi Holocaust, during which they were relocated to the infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered. Between 1580 and 1764 the Jewish Council of Four Lands Arba Aracot (Sejm of four countries) was held in Lublin in which approximately seventy delegates from local kahals met to discuss taxation and other issues important to Jewish communities.[citation needed]

Students came to Lublin from all over Europe to study at the yeshiva there.[citation needed] The yeshiva became a centre of learning of both Talmud and Kabbalah, leading the city to be called "the Jewish Oxford"; in 1567, the rosh yeshiva (headmaster) received the title of rector from the king along with rights and privileges equal to those of the heads of Polish universities.

In the 17th century, the town declined due to a Russo-Ukrainian invasion in 1655 and a Swedish invasion during the Northern Wars. After the third of the Partitions of Poland in 1795 Lublin was located in the Austrian empire, then since 1809 in the Duchy of Warsaw, and then since 1815 in the Congress Poland under Russian rule. At the beginning of the 19th century new squares, streets and public buildings were built. In 1877 a railway connection to Warsaw and Kovel and Lublin Station were constructed, spurring industrial development. Lublin's population grew from 28,900 in 1873 to 50,150 in 1897 (including 24,000 Jews).[3]

Russian rule ended in 1915, when the city was occupied by German and Austro-Hungarian armies. After the defeat of the Central Powers in 1918, the first government of independent Poland operated in Lublin for a short time. In the interwar years, the city continued to modernise and its population grew; important industrial enterprises were established, including the first aviation factory in Poland, the Plage i Laśkiewicz works, later nationalised as the LWS factory. The Catholic University of Lublin was founded in 1918. The city also contained a vibrant Jewish community that comprised nearly half of Lublin's population.[citation needed]

World War II

After the 1939 German and Soviet invasion of Poland the city found itself in the General Government territory controlled by Nazi Germany. The population became a target of severe Nazi repressions focusing on Polish Jews. An attempt to "Germanise" the city led to an influx of the ethnic Volksdeutsche increasing the number of German minority from 10%-15% in 1939 to 20%-25%. Near Lublin, the so-called 'reservation' for the Jews was built based on the idea of racial segregation also known as the "Nisko or Lublin Plan".[4]

The Jewish population was forced into the newly set Lublin Ghetto near Podzamcze. The city served as headquarters for Operation Reinhardt, the main German effort to exterminate all Jews in occupied Poland. The majority of the ghetto inmates, about 26,000 people, were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp between 17 March and 11 April 1942. The remainder were moved to facilities around the Majdanek concentration camp established at the outskirts of the city. Almost all of Lublin's Jews were murdered during the Holocaust in Poland. After the war, some survivors emerged from hiding with the Christian rescuers or returned from the Soviet Union, and reestablished a small Jewish community in the city, but their numbers were insignificant. Most left Poland for Israel and the West.[5]

On 24 July 1944, the city was taken by the Soviet Army and became the temporary headquarters of the Soviet-controlled communist Polish Committee of National Liberation established by Joseph Stalin, which was to serve as basis for a puppet government. The capital of new Poland was moved to Warsaw in January 1945 after the Soviet westward offensive.

Maria Curie-Sklodowska University

In the postwar years, Lublin continued to grow, tripling its population and greatly expanding its area. A considerable scientific and research base was established around the newly founded Maria Curie-Sklodowska University. A large Automobile Factory FSC was built in the city.

Solidarity years

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. In July 1980, the workers of Lublin and nearby Świdnik began the first in the wave of mass strikes aimed against the Communist regime, which eventually led to the emergence of the Solidarity movement. The first strike began on 8 July in the WSK factory in Świdnik. It then quickly spread to other factories in Lublin and the surrounding region. The railway network and city transit came to a standstill. Ultimately, 150 factories employing 70,000 workers joined the strike. The strikers used a novel tactic of staying inside their factories and occupying them, instead of marching in the streets where the authorities would have found it easy to use force against them. The workers made demands for their economic situation to be improved. They also made political demands, such as: new elections for the leadership of the trade unions, liquidation of privileges for the Communist Party governing class, and the reduction of the bureaucracy in the factories.

The July strikes lasted two weeks. The Communist authorities eventually managed to bring them to an end peacefully, mainly by granting economic concessions to the workers. However, the momentum generated by the Lublin strikes quickly gave rise to a new wave of strikes in the Gdańsk region in August 1980. The workers there used similar tactics as the Lublin workers used a month before, and this time the Communist authorities had to agree to the strikers' demand to set up an independent trade union, which soon became the Solidarity.

Climate

Lublin has a borderline humid continental climate (Köppen Cfb/Dfb) with cold, damp winters and warm summers.

Climate data for Lublin (1936−2011)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)		 16.2
(61.2)		 22.0
(71.6)		 27.2
(81)		 35.7
(96.3)		 33.9
(93)		 35.0
(95)		 37.0
(98.6)		 31.1
(88)		 25.0
(77)		 18.9
(66)		 15.0
(59)		 37.0
(98.6)
Average high °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7)		 0.4
(32.7)		 5.7
(42.3)		 12.7
(54.9)		 18.4
(65.1)		 21.4
(70.5)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 18.1
(64.6)		 12.3
(54.1)		 5.4
(41.7)		 0.8
(33.4)		 11.8
(53.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.1
(26.4)		 −2.5
(27.5)		 1.6
(34.9)		 7.8
(46)		 13.1
(55.6)		 16.2
(61.2)		 17.9
(64.2)		 17.4
(63.3)		 12.9
(55.2)		 7.9
(46.2)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 7.6
(45.7)
Average low °C (°F) −5.9
(21.4)		 −5.7
(21.7)		 −2
(28)		 3.0
(37.4)		 7.7
(45.9)		 10.7
(51.3)		 12.5
(54.5)		 12.0
(53.6)		 8.2
(46.8)		 4.0
(39.2)		 0.0
(32)		 −3.9
(25)		 3.5
(38.3)
Record low °C (°F) −32.2
(−26)		 −31.1
(−24)		 −30.9
(−23.6)		 −7.2
(19)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 0.0
(32)		 2.0
(35.6)		 0.0
(32)		 −4
(25)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −17.9
(−0.2)		 −23.9
(−11)		 −32.2
(−26)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 22.7
(0.894)		 25.9
(1.02)		 27.3
(1.075)		 42.4
(1.669)		 51.1
(2.012)		 66.6
(2.622)		 71.5
(2.815)		 64.0
(2.52)		 55.5
(2.185)		 40.6
(1.598)		 36.7
(1.445)		 33.6
(1.323)		 537.9
(21.177)
Average precipitation days 23.3 19.5 18.4 13.1 13.0 11.8 12.3 9.3 11.2 13.3 18.1 20.8 184.1
Average relative humidity (%) 88.7 85.9 79.8 68.9 71.9 73.7 75.1 74.4 79.8 84.0 89.4 90.2 80.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 53 73 115 174 226 237 238 248 165 124 48 37 1,738
Source: Climatebase.ru[6]

Population

The diagram shows population growth over the past 400 years. As of 1999, the population of Lublin was estimated to 359,154, the highest in the city's history.

Asseco building complex near ulica Zana, Lublin.

Economy

DZT Honker produced in Lublin by the DZT Tymińscy factory.
Polish MPs in the PZL Świdnik helicopter factory.

The Lublin region had the lowest per capita GDP in the European Union until Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007 (it was 32% of EU average in 2002). It is a part of eastern Poland, which has benefited less from the economic transformation after 1989 than regions of Poland located closer to Western Europe. While the standard of living in the city of Lublin is considerably higher than in the surrounding countryside, the city's relatively poor economic performance is tied to the poverty of its region.[citation needed]

Lublin is a regional centre of IT companies. Thanks to near 100,000 university students each year and five universities that teach computer science Masters of Arts, Lublin has big supply of specialised work force. That makes it a great place for IT companies[citation needed], and there are many such companies already. Asseco Business Solutions S.A., eLeader Sp z o.o., CompuGroup Medical Polska Sp. z o.o., Abak-Soft Sp. z o.o. and others have their headquarters there. Other companies (for example Comarch S.A., Britenet Sp. z o.o., Simple S.A., Asseco Poland S.A.) outsourced to Lublin, to take advantage of cheap, educated specialists.

Factories built under the Communist regime in the city have performed poorly in the new market economy.[citation needed] The large car factory FSC (Fabryka Samochodów Ciężarowych) seemed to have a brighter future when acquired by the South Korean Daewoo conglomerate in the early 1990s. With Daewoo's financial troubles in 1998 related to the Asian financial crisis, the production at FSC practically collapsed and the factory entered bankruptcy. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy is being reoriented toward the service industries. Currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS).

The price of land and investing costs are lower than in western Poland. However, the Lublin area is one of main beneficiaries of the EU development funds.[7] Jerzy Kwiecinski, the deputy secretary of state in the Ministry for Regional Development at the Conference of the Ministry for Regional Development (Poland in the European Union — new possibilities for foreign investors) said:

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In the immediate financial outlook, between 2007 and 2013, we will be the largest beneficiaries of the EU — every fifth Euro will be spent in Poland. In total, we will have at our disposal 120 billion EUR, assigned exclusively for post development activities. This sum will be an enormous boost for our country.[8]

In September 2007, the prime minister signed a bill creating a special economic investment zone in Lublin that offers tax incentives. It is part of “Park Mielec” — the European Economic Development area.[9] At least 13 large companies had declared their wish to invest here, e.g., Carrefour, Comarch, Safo, Asseco, Aliplast, Herbapol and Perła Browary Lubelskie.[10] At the same time, the energy giant Polska Grupa Energetyczna, which will build Poland's first nuclear power station, is to have its main offices in Lublin.

New shopping centres built in Lublin are Lublin Plaza and Galeria Gala, the largest shopping centre in the city, covering 33,500 square metres. Similar investments are planned for the near future such as Park Felin (Felicity) and a new gallery ("Alchemy") between Świętoduska and Lubartowska Streets.[11]

Media

TVP3 Lublin studio
Radio & TV tower in Lublin

There's a public TV station in the city, called TVP Lublin which owns a 104-meter-tall concrete television tower.[12] The station put its first program on the air in 1985. In recent years it contributed programming to TVP3 channel and later TVP Info.

The radio stations airing from Lublin include Radio eR - 87.9 FM, Radio Eska Lublin - 103.6 FM, Radio Lublin (regional station of the Polish Radio) - 102.2 FM, Radio Centrum (university radio station) - 98.2 FM, Radio Free (city station of the Polish Radio) - 89,9 FM, and Radio Złote Przeboje (Golden Hits) Lublin - 95.6 FM,

Local newspapers include: Kurier Lubelski daily, regional partner of the national newspaper Polska. The Times,[13] Dziennik Wschodni daily, Gazeta Wyborcza Lublin Edition daily (regional supplement to the national newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza), Metro (daily, free) and Nasze Miasto Lublin weekly (free).

Transport

Lublin Station

From Lublin Station, ten trains per day run to Warsaw and three to Kraków, as do others to most major cities in Poland. Buses run from near the castle in the Old Town and serve most of the same destinations as the rail network. The express train to Warsaw takes about two and half hours.[14]

Airport

Lublin Airport

Lublin Airport is located in Świdnik, about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin. There is a direct train link from the airport to the city centre.

Roads

The first part of a bypass road around Lublin.

As of 2009 no motorways or expressways connect the city with the rest of Poland. In the coming decade the construction of expressways S12, S17 and S19 will improve road access to the city. On 17 December 2009 the bidding process for the construction of S17 expressway around Lublin was started. The construction began in 2010 and was completely finished in 2014. The project included a high capacity bypass road around Lublin, removing most of the through traffic from the city streets and decreasing congestion.

A trolleybus in the centre of the city.

Lublin is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses (the others are Gdynia, Sopot and Tychy).[15]

Culture and tourism

Lublin is not only the largest city in eastern Poland, but also serves as an important regional cultural capital. Since accession of Poland into the EU, Lublin has been called the "Gate to the East".[citation needed] Since then, many important international events have taken place here, involving Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Russian and Belarusian artists, researchers and politicians. The frescos at the Holy Trinity Chapel in Lublin are a mixture of Catholic motifs with eastern Russian-Byzantine styles, reinforcing how the city connects the West with the East.

Museum

The premier museum in the city is the Lublin Museum, one of the oldest and largest museums of Eastern Poland, as well as the Majdanek State Museum with 121,404 visitors in 2011.[16]

Cinema

Lublin is a city with filmmaking past. A few important films were recorded here. e.g., Oscar-winning The Reader was partially filmed at the Nazi Majdanek concentration camp, located near Lublin.[17]

In 2008, Lublin in cooperation with Ukrainian Lviv, filmed promotional materials, to promote them as cinematic cities. Films were handed out between filmmakers present at Cannes Festival.[18] Action, was sponsored by European Union.

In Lublin, there are a number of cinemas including:

  • Cinema City (multiplex)
  • Cinema Bajka
  • Cinema Chatka Żaka
  • Cinema Medyk

Theatres

Juliusz Osterwa Theatre
Hans Christian Andersen Theatre and the Dominican Church as seen from Castle Greens
Old Theatre in Lublin

There are many cultural organisations, both municipal, governmental and non-governmental, in Lublin.

  • Municipal Theatres, with casual playhouses:
    • Musical Theatre in Lublin - Teatr Muzyczny w Lublinie, opera, operetta, musical, ballet
    • Henryk Wieniawski Lublin Philharmonic - 'Filharmonia Lubelska
    • Juliusz Osterwa Theatre in Lublin - Teatr im. Juliusza Osterwy w Lublinie]
    • Hans Christian Andersen Theatre - with puppet programme for children

Galleries

A street fair in the Old Town.

There are lots of art galleries in Lublin, some of them are run by private owners, some of them are municipal, government, NGO, or associations property. The Labyrinth Gallery, formerly "BWA", it the Artistic Exhibitions Office (Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych).

Old Town

The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square

Lublin, by some tourists called "little Krakow", has historic architecture and a unique ambiance, especially in the Old Town. Catering to students, who account for 35% of the population, the city offers a vibrant music and nightclub scene [19] Lublin has many theatres and museums and a professional orchestra, the Lublin Philharmonic.[20] Old buildings, even ruins, creates magic and unique atmosphere of the city. Lublin’s Old Town has cobbled streets and traditional architecture.

Pubs and restaurants

The Old Town Hall and Tribunal in the Market Square is surrounded by burgher houses and winding lanes.[21]

City of festivals

A folk music concert during the Jagiellonian Fair
Lublin Graffiti Festival
Holy Trinity Chapel and Castle Tower during the Night of Culture
Kozienalia, Lublin Days of Student Culture, beginning with a street parade.

Lublin could be called "The Capital of Festivals"[citation needed], as every year another new one appears. These are a few of the most significant:

  • Karnawał Sztuk-Mistrzów - Carnival Arts-Masters.
  • Noc Kultury - Culture Night - usually the first Saturday night of June, hundreds of events whole the city, cultural manifestation of city's potential, admission is free - [7].
  • OpenCity Festival - outdoor performances festival, international artists and performers, make art installations in public places in Lublin. - [8]
  • Museum Night - like in whole world, Lublin's museums, are opened for visitors.
  • Jarmark Jagielloński - Jagiellonian Trades - every year, about 100k of tourists, arriving in Lublin, only to feel middle-age atmosphere.
  • Lubelskie Dni Kultury Studenckiej - an annual students' holiday, usually celebrated for about three weeks between May and June, students holiday in Lublin, are the longest in whole Poland. There's usually bunch of student parties, concerts, cultural events and every year, Main Concert, usually, British artists are invited.
  • Słowo daję - Festiwal Opowiadaczy - I give you my word. Storytellers Festival
  • Rozstaje Europy - International Festival of Document Film
  • Mikołajki Folkowe - International Folk Music Festival ("St. Nicholas Folk Day") - organised by Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin.
  • Strefa Inne Brzmienia ("Different Sounds Area" International Music Festival, which connects Lublin and Lviv citizens together.
  • Lublin. Miasto Poezji - Poetry Festival organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN" and Polish Literature Institute of Catholic University in Lublin.
  • Noc z Czechowiczem - A Night with Czechowicz - walking the trace, from "Poem about the City of Lublin" written by Józef Czechowicz at first full moon at July, organised by Ośrodek "Brama Grodzka - Teatr NN"
  • Najstarsze Pieśni Europy - The oldest songs of Europe - Festival of Muzyka Kresów Foundation.
  • Future Shorts - World Short Film Label
  • Międzynarodowe Spotkania Teatrów Tańca - International Lublin Dance Festival
  • Międzynarodowy Festiwal Teatralny "Konfrontacje" - International Theatre Festival "Confrontations"
  • Festiwal Kultury Alternatywnej "ZdaErzenia" - Festival of Alternative Culture in Lublin
  • Sąsiedzi - Festiwal Teatrów Europy Środkowej - Neighbours - Central European Theatres Festival
  • Festiwal "Prowokacje" - Young Polish Fashion Creators Festival
  • Studencki Ogólnopolski Festiwal Teatralny Kontestacje - Polish Students' Theatre Festival
  • Międzynarodowe Spotkania Folklorystyczne im. Ignacego Wachowiaka - International Folk Dance Festival
  • Lubelska Scena Rockowa - Lublin Rock Scene
  • Taniec Znaku - first in Poland Internet Theatre, project of Lublin Maat Theatre,[22]
  • Scena Młodych - Youth Scene, music festival
  • Zwierciadła - Mirrors - High School Theatres Revision
  • Zaduszki Jazzowe - Jazz All Souls' Day - it takes place in Dominican Order Monastery
  • "Invitro" Scena Prapremier - "Invitro" Pre-première Scene [23]
  • Solo życia - Classical Music Festival - creator of this festival is composer Mieczysław Jurecki
  • Letnia Strefa Muzyki - Summer Music Area - Young polish musicians, promotion, on the small scene, organisators: Akwarela Cafe and Lublins' President Council

European Capital of Culture

440th anniversary of the Union Of Lublin

In 2007, Lublin joined the group of Polish cities as candidates for the title of European Capital of Culture. It was one of two cities from the eastern half of Poland, the other being Białystok. Lublin won through to the second round with Spain in 2016 but ultimately Wrocław was chosen.

"Lublin is the city that symbolises European idea of integration, universal heritage of democracy and tolerance and the idea of dialogue between the cultures of the West and East. Lublin is a unique place where the cultures and religions meet. Here the East meets West, and the European Union meets Belarus and Ukraine. It is the perfect place of cooperation for European artists living within and outside the European Union. Lublin is a city open to artists, a place where unique initiatives and activities take place. Lublin means the experience of hundreds of years of rich history and cultural heritage which constitutes endless source of inspiration for new generations.

European Culture is not only modern museums and enormous festivals, but first of all people and their activities, aims, aspirations, possibilities, potential and the desire for development. The development of culture and being granted the title of European Capital of Culture is a chance for development of one the poorest regions of the European Union."[24] — Adam Wasilewski, President of Lublin

Since 2007, there are special meetings, enter2016, which anyone could take part in. The city's Marketing Office have created a web page: Lublin2016.eu, available in Polish, English, Ukrainian, Spanish and Portuguese.

Lublin is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.

Education

John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
WSPA lecture hall

There are six schools of higher education, including Maria Curie-Sklodowska University (UMCS) and John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL).

Lublin hosts a number of private higher education establishments.

The Polish-Ukrainian Academy will support multicultural exchange, and will highlight Polish and Ukrainian heritage and history. It promises to be a milestone in the rapprochement between Poland and Ukraine, and between Ukraine and the European Union.

Sports

Arena Lublin
"Globus" sports hall
Zemborzyce Lake

Notable residents

Politics

Lublin constituency

Joanna Mucha, former sports and tourism minister in the government of Donald Tusk.
Lena Kolarska-Bobińska, a Member of the European Parliament representing the Lublin region.

Current and former Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Lublin constituency:

Members of the European Parliament elected from the Lublin constituency:


International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Lublin is twinned with:[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.howtosay.co.in/pronounce/lublin-in-english/
  2. ↑ City Council produced information materials:
    a. Tourist Guide to Lublin in English. PDF.
    b. The City of Culture - The most important cultural events of 2009. PDF.
    c. Simple leaflet - Short and most important information about Lublin.
  3. ↑ Joshua D. Zimmerman, Poles, Jews and the politics of nationality, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, ISBN 0-299-19464-7, Google Print, p.16
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ http://miasta.gazeta.pl/lublin/1,35640,4527639.html, http://ww2.tvp.pl/3903,20051107265122.strona
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Kurier Lubelski homepage.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Witamy na stronie Zarządu Transportu Miejskiego w Lublinie
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ The Reader was filmed in Lublin
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ [1]; [www.galeria.pl/nominacja.htm]; [2]; [3]
  21. ↑ [4]; [5]; [6]
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 26.16 26.17 26.18 26.19 26.20 26.21 26.22 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lublin's Partner and Friend Cities. Retrieved July 2, 2009.

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links


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