Machi-bugyō
Machi-bugyō (町奉行 machi-bugyō?) were samurai officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan, this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimyō.[1] Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as "commissioner" or "overseer" or "governor."
This bakufu title identifies a magistrate or municipal administrator with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in what were perceived to be important cities.[2]
The machi-bugyō were the central public authority in the Japanese urban centers of this period. These bakufu-appointed officers served in a unique role, which was an amalgam of chief of police, judge, and mayor. The machi-bugyō were expected to manage a full range of administrative and judicial responsibilities.[3]
The machi-bugyō was expected to be involved in tax collection, policing, and firefighting; and at the same time, the machi-bugyō needed to play a number of judicial roles – hearing and deciding both ordinary civil cases and criminal cases.[3]
Only high-ranking hatamoto were appointed to the position of machi-bugyō because of the critical importance of what they were expected to do. The machi-bugyō were considered equal in rank to the minor daimyō. There were as many as 16 machi-bugyō located throughout Japan.[3]
Shogunal city
During this period, a number of urban cities—including Edo, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Nara, Nikkō, and Osaka—were considered important; and some were designated as a "shogunal city." The number of such "shogunal cities" rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.[4]
List of machi-bugyō
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- Ooka Tadasuke, 1782-?. [5]
- Ido Satohiro, 1849-1856.[6]
- Izawa Masayoshi, 1858.[7]
- Oguri Tadamasa, 1862-1863.[8]
- Abe Masatō, 1863-1864.[9]
- Inoue Kiynao, 1863, 1866-1868.[10]
Notes
- ↑ Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868, p. 325.
- ↑ Hall, John Wesley. (1955) Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan, p. 201
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai, p. 42.
- ↑ Cullen, William. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds, p. 159.
- ↑ Murdoch, p. 334.
- ↑ Beasley, p. 332.
- ↑ Beasley, p. 334.
- ↑ Beasley, p. 338.
- ↑ Beasley, p. 331.
- ↑ Beasley, p. 333.
References
- Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853-1868. London: Oxford University Press. [reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-713508-2 (cloth)]
- Murdoch, James. (1996). "A History of Japan.", p. 334.
- Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82155-X (cloth) -- ISBN 0-521-52918-2 (paper)
- Cunningham, Don. (2004). Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3536-7 (cloth)
- Hall, John Wesley. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Jansen, Marius B. (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48404-9
