Lamniformes

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
(Redirected from Mackerel shark)
Jump to: navigation, search
Lamniformes
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Recent[1]
White shark.jpg
Great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Superorder:
Selachimorpha
Order:
Lamniformes
Families

See Text

Lua error in Module:Taxonbar/candidate at line 22: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).

Lamniformes is an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks (which may also refer specifically to the family Lamnidae). It includes some of the most familiar species of sharks, such as the great white shark, as well as more unusual representatives, such as the goblin shark and the megamouth shark. The name of the order is formed from the Greek word, Lamna ("fish of prey").

Members of the order are distinguished by possessing two dorsal fins, an anal fin, five gill slits, eyes without nictitating membranes, and a mouth extending behind the eyes. Also, unlike other sharks, they maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water.[2]

Species

The order Lamniformes includes ten families with twenty-two species, with a total of seven living families and seventeen living species:

Order Lamniformes

Family Image Common name Genera Species Description
Alopiidae Threshershark.jpg Thresher sharks 1 4[5] Thresher sharks are large sharks found in temperate and tropical oceans around the world. The common name refers to its distinctive, thresher-like tail or caudal fin which can be as long as the body of the shark itself.
Cetorhinidae Cetorhinus maximus by greg skomal.JPG Basking sharks 1 1 The basking shark is the second largest living fish, after the whale shark, and the second of three plankton-eating sharks, the other two being the whale shark and megamouth shark. It is a cosmopolitan migratory species, found in all the world's temperate oceans. It is generally a harmless filter feeder with a greatly enlarged mouth, which cruises leisurely over huge distances covering three miles every hour. During each of those hours, it strains about 1.5 million litres of water through more than 5,000 gill rakers for plankton.[6] Basking sharks have long been a commercially important fish, as a source of food, shark fin, animal feed, and shark liver oil. Overexploitation has reduced its populations to the point where some have disappeared and others need protection.
Lamnidae White shark.jpg Mackerel sharks 3 5 Mackerel sharks, also called white sharks, are large, fast-swimming sharks, found in oceans worldwide. They include the great white, the mako, and the porbeagle shark. Mackerel sharks have pointed snouts, spindle-shaped bodies, and gigantic gill openings. The first dorsal fin is large, high, stiff and angular or somewhat rounded. The second dorsal and anal fins are minute. The caudal peduncle has a couple or less distinct keels. The teeth are gigantic. The fifth gill opening is in front of the pectoral fin and spiracles are sometimes absent. They are heavily built sharks, sometimes weighing nearly twice as much as sharks of comparable length from other families. Many in the family are among the fastest-swimming fish.
Megachasmidae 140px Megamouth sharks 1 1 The megamouth shark is an extremely rare species of deepwater shark, and the smallest of the three filter-feeding sharks. Since its discovery in 1976, only a few megamouth sharks have been seen, with 55 specimens known to have been caught or sighted as of 2012, including three recordings on film. Like the basking shark and whale shark, it is a filter feeder, and swims with its enormous mouth wide open, filtering water for plankton and jellyfish. It is distinctive for its large head with rubbery lips. It is so unlike any other type of shark that it is classified in its own family, though it has been suggested that it may belong in the family Cetorhinidae of which the basking shark is currently the sole member.
Mitsukurinidae 140px Goblin sharks 1 1 Goblin sharks have a distinctive long, trowel-shaped, beak-like snout, much longer than those of other sharks. The snout contains sensory organs to detect the electrical signals given off by the shark's prey.[7] They also possess long, protrusible jaws.[8] When the jaws are retracted, the shark resembles a grey nurse shark with an unusually long nose. Goblin sharks include one living genus and three extinct genera.[9] There is only known living species, Mitsukurina owstoni.
Odontaspididae Grey Nurse Shark at Fish Rock Cave, NSW.jpg Sand sharks 2 4 Sand sharks are so-called because they inhabit sandy shorelines, and are often seen trolling the ocean floor in the surf zone. They are found in warm or temperate waters throughout the world's oceans, except the eastern Pacific.[10] Sand sharks have a large second dorsal fin. They grow up to 10 feet in adult length.[11] The body tends to be brown in color with dark markings in the upper half. These markings disappear as they mature. Their needle-like teeth are highly adapted for impaling fish, their main prey. Their teeth are long, narrow, and very sharp with smooth edges, with one and on occasion two smaller cusplets on either side.[12]
Pseudocarchariidae 140px Crocodile sharks 1 1 There is only one species in the crocodile shark family. It is a specialized inhabitant of the mesopelagic zone, found worldwide in tropical waters from the surface to a depth of 590 m (1,940 ft). It performs a diel vertical migration, staying below a depth of 200 m (660 ft) during the day and ascending into shallower water at night to feed. Typically measuring only 1 m (3.3 ft) in length, the crocodile shark is the smallest living mackerel shark. It can be distinguished by its elongated cigar-shaped body, extremely large eyes, and relatively small fins. Substantial numbers are caught as bycatch, leading it to be assessed as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
†Cardabiodontidae †Cardabiodontidae 1 1 Extinct. Cardabiodontidae includes Cardabiodon, a genus from the Cretaceous, which had existed in Australia, Canada, and Europe.[13] The only species it contained was Cardabiodon ricki.[13]
†Cretoxyrhinidae Cretoxyrhina mantelli 21DB.jpg †Cretoxyrhinidae 7 15 Extinct. Cretoxyrhinidae includes Cretoxyrhina (pictured), a genus from the Cretaceous, and Palaeocarcharodon, a possible ancestor of the great white and megalodon.[14]
†Otodontidae VMNH megalodon.jpg †Otodontidae 3 27 Extinct. Otodontidae lived from the Paleocene to the Pliocene, and reached huge sizes. There is a disputed possibility that the Carcharocles sharks derived from Otodus, which would mean that Cretolamna would belong in this group. There is also a disputed possibility that megalodon (pictured), the largest shark ever, belongs to the group.[15]

Sustainable consumption

In 2010, Greenpeace International added the shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."[16]

References

  1. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Lamniformes" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0127162
  4. ↑ http://www.livescience.com/51072-giant-cretaceous-shark-uncovered.html
  5. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013). "Alopiidae" in FishBase. October 2013 version.
  6. ↑ Basking shark BBC Nature, 13 March 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2005). "Mitsukurina owstoni" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
  9. ↑ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Odontaspididae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list

Further reading

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Lamniformes&oldid=264745"