Maputeoa

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Te Maputeoa
Gregorio I
File:Mapou-Teoa.jpg
Drawing of Mapou-Teoa by Jacques Marescot du Thilleul, 1838.
King of Mangareva
Reign c. 1830 – 20 June 1857
Predecessor Te Mateoa
Successor Joseph Gregorio II
Born c. 1814
Te Kehika marae, Rikitea, Mangareva[1]
Died 20 June 1857
Rikitea, Mangareva
Burial 23 June 1857[2]
Mausolée du Roi Maputeoa, Chapelle St-Pierre[3]
Spouse Maria Eutokia Toaputeitou, and an earlier wife[4]
Issue Joseph Gregorio II
Jean Népomucène[5]
Agnès Tepairu[6]
Philomèle[6]
Catherine[7][8][9]
Full name
Gregorio Stanislas Maputeoa
Kerekorio Tanirae Maputeoa
Father Te Ikatohara
Mother Puteoa[1][9]
Religion Mangarevan
Roman Catholicism
Signature Maputeoa's signature
File:Effigie de divinité, Ro'go (musée du quai Branly).jpg
One of the only surviving figure of an ancient Mangarevan god that escaped Maputeoa's destruction.
File:Südseekathedrale.jpg
St. Michael's Cathedral, Rikitea

Te Maputeoa (baptized Gregorio Stanislas; reigned as Gregorio I; born c. 1814 – 20 June 1857) was a monarch of the Polynesian island of Mangareva and the other Gambier Islands. He was the King or ʻAkariki (paramount chief),[10][11] as well as the penultimate king of the island of Mangareva, and other Gambier Islands including Akamaru, Aukena, Taravai and Temoe. He reigned from 1830 until his death in 1857.[12][13]

During Maputeoa's reign, the country, which was deeply rooted in idolatry and even cannibalism, became a Roman Catholic community. This was accomplished by removing all vestiges of idolatry, such as destroying the traditional wooden images of their indigenous faith deified in maraes and replacing them with churches. The king was baptized into Catholicism on 25 August 1836.[14] He learned about Christianity from the island's missionaries, headed by the French Picpus priests, Honoré Laval and François Caret. Matua, the High Priest of the local temple and uncle of Maputeoa, played a pivotal role in this activity.[13][15]

Biography

Maputeoa was the grandson of Mapurure (also known as Te Mateoa), who was known to be alive in 1825 and said to have died in 1830 or 1832.[16][17] As Mapurure's son Te Ikatohara was killed by sharks in about 1824, Maputeoa, the grandson, became king after Mapurure's death. Because he was a minor, Maputeoa's uncle, Matua, the High Priest (taura tupua), became the regent; Matua enjoyed the full trust of his people and may have had intentions of usurping power.[18][19] Maputeoa had complete authority over the kingdom, excepting his four uncles, who jointly owned the land with the king; the uncles' allegiance to the king was only formal.[20] Mangareva also had nominal control over the other Gambier Islands including Akamaru, Aukena, and Taravai, which had their own kings who were vassals to the monarch at Rikitea.[21]

Christian missionaries headed by Father Honoré Laval and Father François Caret from Chile of the order of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, landed in August 1834,[14] at Mangareva, which was then an independent kingdom under King Maputeoa. The king refused them access to the main island of Mangareva. However, the missionaries managed to land on a small island where the local chief gave them support to learn the Mangareva language and the islanders learned about Christianity. Within one of year of their arrival, the missionaries converted the islanders at Taravai, Aukena and Akamuru to Christianity, established churches, and even made the islanders wear tunics.[22]

Initially, Matua accepted the Catholic religious practices. He donated the maraes to the missionaries to build churches and advised them on how to overthrow the king.[23] As Maputeoa recognized what Matua was trying to do, the king began appearing in churches during mass. Two years after the missionaries' arrival in Gambier, Maputeoa consented to dismantle the Te Keika marae, which was the largest of its kind on Rikitea, and in its place, St. Michael's Cathedral, Rikitea was built, which became the largest church in the South Pacific islands.[22] Maputeoa was baptized at Church of Saint-Joseph-de-Taku on Mangareva along with 160 other people of the kingdom. He took the name Gregorio after baptism in honor of Pope Gregory XVI who had deputed the missionaries to eastern Oceania, and solemnly placed his islands under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[24]

Maputeoa died on 20 June 1857 of acute pleurisy or "the disease of the chest."[25][26][27] He was succeeded as King of Mangareva by his young son, Joseph Gregorio II, with his widow Queen Maria Eutokia Toaputeitou as regent. King Joseph died childless after an eleven-year reign.[25][28] After 1868, the island kingdom was ruled by regents until it was annexed by France in 1881.[12] In 1977, French Polynesia issued a stamp with an image of Maputeoa.[29] Maputeoa's crypt is located in the Chapelle St-Pierre behind St. Michael's Cathedral.[30][31][3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Cuzent 1872, p. 127.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lesson 1846, pp. 183–185.
  5. ↑ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 656.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Deschanel 1888, pp. 59–60.
  7. ↑ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 343.
  8. ↑ Cuzent 1872, pp. 52–53.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, pp. cxxxvi–cxxxix.
  10. ↑ Kjellgren 2007, p. 294.
  11. ↑ Smith 1918, pp. 130–131.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 The Dublin Review, Vol. IV 1838, pp. 372-73.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kerchache 2001, p. 309.
  15. ↑ Garrett 1982, p. 94.
  16. ↑ Scarr 2013, p. 125.
  17. ↑ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 9.
  18. ↑ Laval 1842, p. 164.
  19. ↑ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. cxli.
  20. ↑ Williamson 2013, p. 331.
  21. ↑ Williamson 2013, p. 334.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Hordern 2014, p. 185.
  23. ↑ Garrett 1982, p. 91.
  24. ↑ Wiltgen 2010, p. 151.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Laval 1859, pp. 288–289.
  26. ↑ Laval, Newbury & O'Reilly 1968, p. 19.
  27. ↑ Cuzent 1872, p. 117–118.
  28. ↑ Henige 1974, p. 87.
  29. ↑ The American Philatelist, Vol. 91 1977, p. 574.
  30. ↑ Stanley 1999, p. 265.
  31. ↑ Eskridge 1931, p. 178.

Bibliography

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Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Mangareva
1830–1857		 Succeeded by
Joseph Gregorio II
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