Mary Frith

Mary Frith
Image of Mary Frith from title page of The Roaring Girl
Born	1584 or 1585 The Barbican, London, Kingdom of England
Died	26 July 1659 Fleet Street, London, England
Other names	Moll Cutpurse, Mal Cutpurse, Tom Faconer
Occupation	Pickpocket and fence
Spouse(s)	Lewknor Markham
Parent(s)	Ron and Catherine Stuart

Mary Frith (c. 1584 – 26 July 1659), alias Moll (or Mal) Cutpurse, was a notorious pickpocket and fence of the London underworld.

Meaning of nicknames

The name Moll Cutpurse was a pun: Moll, apart from being a nickname for Mary, was a common name for a young woman—usually of disreputable character. Cutpurse denoted her reputation as a thief who would cut purses to steal the contents.

The other name by which she was known, "The Roaring Girl" is taken from "roaring boys", young gentlemen who caroused in taverns and then picked fights on the street.

An eccentric life

The facts of her life are extremely confusing, with many exaggerations and myths attached to her name. The Life of Mrs Mary Frith, a sensationalised biography written in 1662, three years after her death, helped to perpetuate many of these myths.

Mary Frith was born in the mid-1580s to a shoemaker and a housewife. Mary’s uncle, who was a minister and her father’s brother, once attempted to reform her at a young age by sending her to New England. However, she jumped overboard before the ship set sail, and refused to go near her uncle again. Mary presented herself in public in a doublet and baggy breeches, smoking a pipe and swearing if she felt like it. She was recorded as having been burned on her hand four times, a common punishment for thieves, and was at one time sentenced to do penance standing in a white sheet at St. Paul’s Cross during the Sunday morning sermon. It did little good, since she still wore men’s clothing, and she set mirrors up all around her house to stroke her vanity. Her house was actually rather feminine, thanks to the efforts of her three full-time maids. She kept parrots and bred mastiffs. Her dogs were particularly special to her: each had its own bed with sheets and blankets, and she prepared their food herself.

It is believed that she first came to prominence in 1600 when she was indicted in Middlesex for stealing 2s 11d on 26 August of that year. It is at that point she began to gain notoriety. In the following years, two plays were written about her. First the 1610 drama The Madde Pranckes of Mery Mall of the Bankside by John Day, the text of which is now lost. Another play (that has survived) came a year later by Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker, The Roaring Girl. Both works dwelt on her scandalous behaviour, especially that of dressing in men's attire and did not show her in an especially favourable light, though the surviving play is fairly complimentary to her by contemporary standards.

However, Mary seems to have been given a fair amount of freedom in a society that so frowned upon women who acted unconventionally. In 1611 Frith even performed (in men's clothing, as always) at the Fortune Theatre. On stage she bantered with the audience and sang songs while playing the lute. It can be assumed that the banter and song were somewhat obscene, but by merely performing in public at all she was defying convention.

Once a showman named William Banks bet Mary 20 pounds that she wouldn’t ride from Charing Cross to Shoreditch dressed as a man. Not only did she win the bet, she rode flaunting a banner and blowing a trumpet as well. She also rode Marocco, a famous performing animal.

Such public actions led to some reprisal. Frith was arrested for being dressed indecently on 25 December 1611 and accused of being involved in prostitution. On 9 February 1612 Mary was required to do a penance for her "evil living" at St. Paul's Cross. She put on a performance then, according to a letter by John Chamberland to Dudley Carlton. In his letter, Chamberland observes, "She wept bitterly and seemed very penitent, but it is since doubted she was maudlin drunk, being discovered to have tippled of three-quarters of sack".

She married Lewknor Markham (possibly the son of playwright Gervase Markham) on 23 March 1614. It has been alleged that the marriage was little more than a clever charade. Evidence shows that the whole thing was contracted to give Frith a counter when suits against her referred to her as a "spinster".

It turned out that society had some reason for its disapproval; by the 1620s she was, according to her own account, working as a fence and a pimp. She not only procured young women for men, but also respectable male lovers for middle-class wives. In one case where a wife confessed on her deathbed infidelity with lovers that Mary provided, Mary supposedly convinced the woman's lovers to send money for the maintenance of the children that were probably theirs. It is important to note that, at the time, women who dressed in men's attire on a regular basis were generally considered to be "sexually riotous and uncontrolled", but Mary herself claimed to be uninterested in sex.

She is recorded as being released on 21 June 1644 from Bethlem Hospital after being cured of insanity, which may or not be related to the (possibly apocryphal) story that she robbed General Fairfax and shot him in the arm during the Civil War. It was said that to escape the gallows and Newgate Prison she paid a 2000-pound bribe.

She died of dropsy on 26 July 1659 on Fleet Street in London.

References

• Alan Haynes, Sex in Elizabethan England. Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Limited, 1997. ISBN 0-905778-35-9
• Anthony Horowitz, The Devil and His Boy (1998). ISBN 0142407976 ISBN 978-0142407974
• Biography, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

External links

• THE LIFE AND DEATH OF Mrs. Mary Frith
• Moll Cutpurse in A Book of Scoundrels by Charles Whibley