Mass for Four Voices
The Mass for Four Voices by William Byrd (c.1540–1623) is one of three settings of the Mass Ordinary which he published in London in the early 1590s.[1] The exact dates of publication remained unclear until 1966, when Peter Cllulow subjected them to close bibliographic analysis, tracing patterns of wear in the woodblock initials at the head of each movement.[2] Clulow’s conclusions can be summarized thus:
- Four-part Mass: 1592-3 (second edition 1598–1600)
- Three-part Mass: 1593-4 (second edition 1598–1600)
- Five-part Mass: 1594-5 (no second edition known)
As settings of the Catholic Mass in post-Reformation England the partbooks were highly sensitive documents and might well have resulted in the arrest of anyone caught with them. It is probably for this reason that Byrd chose not to publish the Masses as a set but individually in single bifolia which were easy to conceal. To make them more difficult to trace, the partbooks are undated, with no title-pages or prefatory material, and the printer Thomas East is not named. The project was almost certainly suggested (and financed) by Byrd’s circle of friends among the nobility and gentry in the Elizabethan Catholic community. Together with the two sets of Gradualia (1605, 1607) the Masses represent a grandiose scheme to provide a comprehensive repertory of music for the Catholic liturgy, to be sung at clandestine Mass celebrations in recusant households. These would have included Thorndon Hall and Ingatestone Hall, the two Essex country houses owned by Byrd’s main patron in the later stages of his career, Sir John Petre (later Baron Petre of Writtle) who was a close neighbour of Byrd.
Style and influences
The native tradition of Mass composition had lapsed after 1558, when the Catholic queen Mary Tudor died and the mediaeval Sarum Rite was officially abolished in favour of the Anglican English liturgy. However, Mass continued to be celebrated illegally by the English Catholic community, often with considerable pomp and under constant threat from spies and paid informers. Byrd’s three settings reflect the practice of the Continental Tridentine liturgy by including settings of the Kyrie, which was rarely provided in pre-Reformation English settings because of the various troped Kyries required for major feast-days in the Sarum Use. To that extent they conform to the liturgy as required by Mass celebrations by the incoming missionary priests, who had been trained on the Continent at the English Colleges in Douai and Rome and returned to England to minister to the faithful.
Nevertheless, the settings are much indebted to pre-Reformation English practice in other respects. The longer movements of the four- and five-part masses are constructed from a mosaic of short semichoir sections, with full sections used at climactic points only, a characteristic of most early Tudor Mass and votive antiphon settings. The Four-Part Mass, which according to Joseph Kerman was probably the first to be composed,[3] has a more specific debt to earlier Tudor settings, a debt which has become apparent since Philip Brett observed that it is partly modelled on the Mean Mass by John Taverner (c. 1490–1545), a highly regarded setting which Byrd would probably have sung as a choirboy in the 1550s.[4] According to Brett, Byrd adopted the ‘groundplan’ of Taverner’s setting in laying out the work, but his debt to Taverner is particularly clear in the Sanctus, which opens with a phrase rising stepwise successively through a fifth, a sixth and a seventh, mirroring the parallel passage in Taverner’s work. Certain strikingly unusual cadence formulae in Taverner also reappear in Byrd’s setting. In drawing material from Taverner’s Mean Mass Byrd was following in the footsteps of Christopher Tye, John Sheppard and Thomas Tallis, who had all used it as models for Mass cycles of their own.[5]
The Gloria, Credo and Agnus all begin with a two-part semichoir section, a standard feature of early Tudor Mass cycles. The three clauses of the Agnus Dei are set respectively in two, three and four parts. The Kyrie, as the movement least indebted to English models, has no reduced scoring and employs dense imitation in Continental style. All three masses employ a head-motif, which was a standard device in both Tudor and Continental mass cycles. In the Four-Part Mass it consists of a four-note figure D-G-Bb-A (Kyrie) changing to D-A-C-Bb in the other movements. In the Sanctus the B flat strikingly changes to a B natural, producing an unexpected major chord at a key point in the music.
A special feature of the mass (as also of the Five-Part Mass) is the final clause of the Agnus Dei. Although text-expression is not generally a feature of sixteenth-century Mass cycles, Byrd clearly regarded the ending of the Agnus Dei text ‘Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, dona nobis pacem’ as an opportunity for an expressive treatment of the words. He almost certainly identified ‘nobis’ as the persecuted Tudor Catholic community, as he had done with many of the motet texts which he had set during the 1580s. The final prayer for peace at the end of the Four-Part Mass is one of the most admired passages in the whole of Byrd’s output. It is built on a restless suspension figure, which generates a chain of overlapping entries, building to a climax before resolving onto a luminous final major chord.
References
- ↑ For more detailed accounts of Byrd's Mass settings see J. Kerman, The Masses and Motets of William Byrd (London etc., 1981 pp. 183–215 and J. Harley, William Byrd, Gentleman of the Chapel Royal (Aldershot, 1997) pp 307–317. The most authoritative modern edition is P. Brett (ed.) The Byrd Edition Vol. 4: The Masses (London, 1981). Several good editions are also available online/
- ↑ P. Clulow, "Publication Dates for Byrd's Latin Masses', Music and Letters 47 (1966) pp. 1–9
- ↑ See Kerman pp. 188–189
- ↑ See P. Brett, "Homage to Taverner in Byrd's Masses",Early Music 9 (1981) pp. 169–176
- ↑ See N. Davison, "Structure and unity in four free-composed Tudor masses", Music Review 34 (1973) pp. 128–138
