Medial medullary syndrome
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| Medial medullary syndrome | |
|---|---|
Medulla oblongata, shown by a transverse section passing through the middle of the olive. (Medial medullary syndrome can affect structures in lower left: especially #5, #6, #8.)
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| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 446: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| ICD-10 | G46.3 |
| eMedicine | emerg/834 |
| Patient UK | Medial medullary syndrome |
Medial medullary syndrome, also known as inferior alternating syndrome, hypoglossal alternating hemiplegia, lower alternating hemiplegia,[1] or Dejerine syndrome,[2] is a type of alternating hemiplegia characterized by a set of clinical features resulting from occlusion of the anterior spinal artery. This results in the infarction of medial part of the medulla oblongata.
Pathophysiology
The infarction leads to death of the ipsilateral medullary pyramid, the medial leminiscus, and the hypoglossal nerve fibers that pass through the medulla. The spinothalamic tract is spared because it is located more laterally in the brainstem and is not supplied by the anterior spinal artery, but rather by the vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. The trigeminal nucleus is also spared, since most of it is higher up in the pons, and the spinal part of it found in the medulla is lateral to the infarct.
Presentation
The condition usually consists of:
| Description | Source of damage | Number on diagram |
|---|---|---|
| a deviation of the tongue to the side of the infarct on attempted protrusion, caused by ipsilateral muscle weakness. | hypoglossal nerve fibers | #8 |
| limb weakness (or hemiplegia, depending on severity), on the contralateral side of the infarct | medullary pyramid and hence to the corticospinal fibers of the pyramidal tract | #5 |
| a loss of discriminative touch, conscious proprioception, and vibration sense on the contralateral side of the infarct | medial leminiscus | #6 |
Sensation to the face is preserved, due to the sparing of the trigeminal nucleus.
The syndrome is said to be "alternating" because the lesion causes symptoms both contralaterally and ipsilaterally. Sensation of pain and temperature is preserved, because the spinothalamic tract is located more laterally in the brainstem and is also not supplied by the anterior spinal artery (instead supplied by the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and the vertebral arteries).
See also
- Alternating hemiplegia of childhood
- Lateral medullary syndrome
- Lateral pontine syndrome
- Medial pontine syndrome
