The Bridge on the Drina

For the World Heritage Site, see Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge.

The Bridge on the Drina

File:The Bridge on the Drina.jpg
Author	Ivo Andrić
Original title	Na Drini ćuprija На Дрини ћуприја
Translator	Lovett F. Edwards
Country	SFR Yugoslavia
Language	Serbo-Croatian
Genre	Novel
Publisher	University of Chicago Press
Publication date	1945
Media type	Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages	318
ISBN	978-0-226-02045-7
OCLC	3293147
Dewey Decimal	891.8/2/35
LC Class	PZ3.A5735 Br 1977 PG1418.A6

The Bridge on the Drina (Serbo-Croatian: Na Drini ćuprija, Serbian Cyrillic: На Дрини ћуприја) sometimes restyled as The Bridge over the Drina, is a novel by Yugoslavian writer Ivo Andrić. Andrić wrote the novel while living quietly in Belgrade during World War II, publishing it in 1945. Andrić was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his entire literary work (of which this novel is best known) in 1961.

The Bridge on the Drina revolves around the town of Višegrad in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge over the Drina river. The story spans about four centuries during the Ottoman and subsequently Austro-Hungarian administrations of the region and describes the lives, destinies and relations of the local inhabitants, with a particular focus on Muslims and Orthodox Christians living in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Synopsis

Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge over the Drina river in 1900.

At the beginning of the book Andrić focuses on a small Serb boy taken from his mother as part of the levy of Christian subjects of the Sultan (Devşirme). Andrić describes how the mothers of these children follow their sons wailing, until they reach a river where the children are taken across by ferry and the mothers can no longer follow. That child becomes a Muslim and, taking a Turkish name (Mehmed, later Mehmed-paša Sokolović), is promoted quickly and around the age of 60 becomes Grand Vizier. As Grand Vizier for almost 15 years, he plays a crucial role in the imperial expansion campaigns of three sultans. Yet, that initial moment of separation from his mother still haunts him and he decides to order the building of a bridge at a point on the river where he was parted from her.

Already then, even before it has been built, Andrić is portraying the bridge as something with the power not merely to bridge a river but to heal divisions; yet it becomes clear that in this role it is a flawed unifier. As the book goes on, Andrić showcases the manner in which the Muslims, Serbs and Jews of Višegrad conducted themselves in everyday life with those they saw as the other required the implementation of a “provincial courtesy”, which only added to the perplexity of Višegrad's intercommunal relations. Andric explains this interaction between the Muslims and Serbs served as a “counterfeit coin” and a necessary part of everyday life in Višegrad for the townspeople in order to make communication between them both possible. Andrić thus establishes the existence and necessity of a forged formality that is implemented in Višegrad in order for the town to remain functional and subsequently he recognizes the perception of division that every Muslim, Serb and Jew inherently knew existed between them.

The construction work starts in 1566 and five years later the bridge is completed (together with a caravanserai or han), signifying a very important link between the Sarajevo pashaluk (the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the rest of the Turkish empire, and replacing the unreliable boat transport across the river. The reader learns how serfs are forced to build it and how they variously strike and sabotage the construction site because of poor working conditions.

The middle of the bridge, called "the kapija"—the gate, is wider, and it quickly becomes a popular meeting place for people from Višegrad and the surrounding area in a relaxed mood which is still typical of present-day Turkey and most of the Balkans. The reader also learns that there are no tensions between the Muslims (referred to as Turks throughout the novel), Orthodox Christians (the Serbs), Sephardic Jews and the Roma people. Rather, they stand in solidarity with one another during the regular floods of the Drina.

About a century later, Habsburg Austria reclaims what are territories of present-day Hungary, Croatia and Bosnia and thus a crisis within the Ottoman Empire begins. Due to lack of state funds, the caravanserai is abandoned, while the bridge project is completed, so well-constructed that it stands for centuries without maintenance.

The first nationalist tensions arise in the 19th century when the Serbian Uprising in the neighbouring Belgrade Pashaluk (the territory of present-day central Serbia) begins. Even so, neighbour never raises a hand against neighbour; instead soldiers from all parts of the Empire establish a guard-point at the gate and behead suspect Serbs and potential rebels.

After the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Serbia and Montenegro become fully independent countries while the Austro-Hungarian Empire receives a right to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and thus turn it into a protectorate. Since the completion of the bridge, time has seemed to stop, and the local people have many difficulties in accepting the numerous changes that come with Austrian rule. A barrack is built at the site of the caravanserai and the town suddenly experiences a substantial influx of foreigners. People from all parts of the Austro-Hungarian kingdom arrive, opening their businesses and bringing the customs of their native regions with them. A narrow gauge railway line is built to Sarajevo and the significance of the bridge is soon reduced, but not completely, as will become apparent subsequently.

Thanks to this modernisation, children begin to be educated in Sarajevo, and later some of them continue their studies in Vienna. They bring home ideas from the rest of the world and, along with the newspapers that are now available in Višegrad, nationalistic ideas emerge, especially among Serbs. Another "contribution" to these changes is the crisis of the year 1908, when troubles in Turkey give Austria an excellent opportunity to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina formally. During this Annexation Crisis, it becomes evident that Austria sees Serbia and its royal dynasty, the Karađorđevićs, as a serious obstacle to their further conquest of the eastern Balkans. The Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913, when Turkey was almost completely pushed out of the Balkans, do not help to foster better relations between Serbs and Austrians, as they undermine the significance of the middle span of the bridge, with its friendly inter-ethnic relationships and camaraderie. Many young Serbian men pass over it at night and smuggle themselves across the border to Serbia. The reader never learns if the most famous of them, Gavrilo Princip, passes across this bridge, although historically it would have been a possibility.

In 1914, Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip assassinated Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, thereby impacting the outbreak of the First World War. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, and the Austrians begin to incite the non-Serbian population of Višegrad against the Serbs living in the town. The bridge with the old road to Sarajevo suddenly regains its importance, as the railway line is not adequate to transport all the materiel and soldiers who are preparing for the invasion of Serbia. However, the Austrians are swiftly defeated on their first invasion attempt and the Serbians start to advance towards Bosnia. The Drina river turns into the front line of the conflict, so the Austrians evacuate Višegrad and blow up portions of the bridge.

Chapter summary

Chapter	Year	Major Events
One	1516	The future Sokollu Mehmed Pasha is taken as a youth from his home to train in the Sultan's court. Taking a ferry over the river Drina, Mehmed envisions one day a bridge will be built there
Two	1571	Construction on the bridge over the Drina begins under the tasking of the harsh Abidaga.
Three	1573	A resistance group of Serbs attempts to sabotage building efforts, leading to a brutal execution by impalement.
Four	1577	Abidaga is replaced by the Sultan after allegations of corruption. Construction continues and is expanded to include a Caravanserai. The bridge is then completed.
Five	1686	The Ottoman Empire withdraws from the Kingdom of Hungary. The bridge begins to fall into disrepair due to a lack of maintenance funds while floods severely damage the town.
Six	1805	The First Serbian Uprising causes the Ottoman authorities to construct a blockhouse on the bridge with several executions.
Seven	1850	The frontiers of the Ottoman Empire continue to weaken while plague sweeps through the land.
Eight	1855	A young Muslim girl commits suicide by jumping from the Drina bridge rather than go through with a prearranged marriage.
Nine	1878	The Congress of Berlin cedes Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary. Austrian troops proceed to occupy the town and bridge at the river Drina. The town becomes a depot for military troops with an inter-mixing of European, Serbian, and Turkish cultures.
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen	1882	The terrorist Jakov Čekrlija takes advantage of a soldier's infatuation with a young Turkish girl in order to sneak across the Drina bridge.
Fourteen	1895	The economy in the town is rebuilt under the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The reader is introduced to the "Hotel Lotte" which is the setting for many of the book's later characters.
Fifteen
Sixteen	1898	Ethnic tensions flare in the town upon the assassination of the Empress Elisabeth of Austria by the Italian Luigi Lucheni.
Seventeen	1904	New ideas begin to appear in the culture, among them trade unions and socialism.
Eighteen	1908	Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina is cemented by formal annexation. The resulting Bosnian crisis impacts the town and the river bridge.
Nineteen	1912	Young students with world experience discuss life, politics, and other matters while sitting on the kapia of the river bridge.
Twenty		Lotte, the now elderly owner of the "Hotel Lotte", reflects on her life and times past.
Twenty One	1914	Chronicles the opening of the First World War. The bridge at the Drina is severely damaged by artillery fire with several sections destroyed The book ends with one of the characters looking upon the now decimated bridge
Twenty Two
Twenty Three
Twenty Four

External links

• The Bridge on the Drina, translated by Lovett F. Edwards (full-text)
• The Bridge on the Drina at the Ivo Andrić Foundation (English)