Naval Defence Act 1889
The Naval Defence Act 1889 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, instituted on May 31, 1889 to adopt formally the country's "two-power standard" and increase the United Kingdom's naval strength. The standard called for the Royal Navy to maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies in the world which at that point were France and Russia. The act provided an extra £20 million over the following four years for ten new battleships, thirty-eight new cruisers, eighteen new torpedo boats and four new fast gunboats.[1]
Contents
Background
The act was passed under the government of Lord Salisbury and facilitated spending £21,500,000 over five years toward fleet expansion. Initially Parliament opposed the increase in naval expenditures. Parliament's stance on the issue shifted due to several factors. First, expert naval opinions presented to Parliament in December 1888 and February 1889 rendered critical views on the state of the navy. The buildup of the French and Russian navies was another factor pointing to purported British weakness. As a result, public support for proposed naval growth grew and placed further pressure on Parliament to support the act.[2]
In reality the two-power standard had been informally used over the past seventy years and for a brief period during the 1850s Britain had met the standard. Britain already enjoyed international naval superiority. The Naval Defence Act reasserted the standard by its formal adoption and signalled an ambition to improve British naval supremacy to an even higher level.[3]
The expansion came in the form of ten battleships, forty-two cruisers, and eighteen torpedo gunboats.[4] The battleships were the centrepiece of the legislation. Eight first-class battleships of the Royal Sovereign class and two-second class battleships, the HMS Centurion and HMS Barfleur were ordered. The Royal Sovereign class was the most formidable capital ship of its day, fulfilling the role of a larger and faster battleship unmatched by those of Russia and France.[5] The cruisers were aimed at protecting British supply lines. The act provided for nine first-class cruisers of the Edgar class, twenty-nine second-class cruisers of the Apollo and Astraea classes, and four third-class cruisers of the Pearl class.[6] The remaining eighteen torpedo gunboats served to support and protect the main battle fleet.
Rationale
The primary rationales behind the Naval Defence Act were military and economic. Militarily the First Lord of the Admiralty, George Hamilton, argued that the size and scope of this new building programme would deter the naval ambitions of other powers. By deterring other powers’ naval growth at present, the British would be able to spend less on shipbuilding in the future.[7] The large and quickly generated funds voted by Parliament and guaranteed over a five-year period offered immediate economic incentives as well. Previous shipbuilding efforts had been halted due to an insufficient annual allowance. Without the funds to complete the warships, production took longer and cost more. By financing the expansion over a five-year period, residual balances from one year could be transferred over to the next, allowing production to continue uninterrupted at greatly reduced costs.[8] This method also aimed for the British completion of her warships more quickly than its rival powers. In theory, the scope and speed of production would not only cut costs but also deter other powers hoping to match British production.
Results and consequences
In practice, the Naval Defence Act of 1889 had limited economic success but failed as a deterrent. The financing of the warships over five years allowed production to continue uninterrupted with low cost overruns and limited delays. A coinciding demand for merchant vessels built in the same private shipyards as some of the warships led to minimal increases in the cost of labour and material.[9] Lord Hamilton’s hopes of reducing future naval expenditures were dashed as the increased British production saw matched attempts at naval expansion by France and Russia. In fact, the French and Russians built a combined twelve battleships in the period from 1893–94, compared to Britain’s ten.[10] Another British expansion, known as the Spencer Programme, followed in 1894 aimed to match foreign naval growth at a cost of over £31 million.[11] Instead of deterring the naval expansion of foreign powers, Britain’s Naval Defence Act contributed to a naval arms race. Other powers including Germany and the United States bolstered their navies in the following years as Britain continued to increase its own naval expenditures.[citation needed]
See also
References
Further reading
- Lambert, Nicholas A. Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution, (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2002), 3-4, 29-30.
- Marder, Arthur. The anatomy of British sea power : a history of British naval policy in the pre-dreadnought era, 1880-1905 (1976) ch 8
- Parkinson, Roger. The Late Victorian Navy: the Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War, (Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2008)
- James Levy, review of The Late Victorian Navy, by Roger Parkinson, Journal of Military History, January 2008, 293-294.
- Sondhaus, Lawrence. Naval Warfare, 1815-1914, (New York: Routledge, 2001)
- Sumida, Jon Tetsuro. In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914, (New York: Routledge, 1993)
