1893 New Zealand general election

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1893 general election
← 1890 28 November (general) & 20 December (Māori) 1893 1896 →
All 74 seats in the New Zealand House of Representatives
38 seats were needed for a majority
Turnout 75.3%
  First party Second party
  220x220px 220x220px
Leader Richard Seddon William Rolleston
Party Liberal Conservative (New Zealand)
Leader since 28 April 1893 31 August 1891
Leader's seat Westland Halswell (lost seat)
Last election 40 seats, 56.1% 25 seats, 28.9%
Seats won 51 13
Seat change Increase 11 Decrease 12
Popular vote 175,814 74,482
Percentage 57.8% 24.5%
Swing Increase 1.7% Decrease 4.5%
400px
Results of the election.
Premier before election

Richard Seddon
Liberal

 Subsequent Premier

Richard Seddon
Liberal

The 1893 New Zealand general election was held on 28 November and 20 December in the European and Māori electorates, respectively, to elect 74 MPs to the 12th session of the New Zealand Parliament. The election was won by the Liberal Party, and Richard Seddon became Prime Minister.

1893 was the year universal suffrage was granted to women over 21 (including Māori), plural registration was abolished, plural voting for Māori property-owners was abolished, and only those whose descent was exactly half Māori were allowed to choose whether to vote in European or Māori electorates. Women's suffrage was the most consequential change.

1892 electoral redistribution

The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1890 for the 1890 election. The 1891 New Zealand census was the first to automatically trigger an electoral redistribution, which was undertaken in 1892. The population drift to the North Island resulted in the transfer of one electorate from the south to the north. Only three electorates remained with unaltered boundaries: Thames, Wairarapa, and Timaru.[1] 14 new electorates were established, and of those, eight electorates were established for the first time: Bay of Plenty, Otaki, Pareora, Patea, Riccarton, Waiapu, Waimea-Sounds, and Wellington Suburbs. The remaining six electorates had existed before, and they were re-established for the 12th Parliament: Caversham, Chalmers, Lyttelton, Rangitata, Waihemo, and Waipa.[2]

Women's suffrage

Kate Sheppard National Memorial in Christchurch adjacent to Our City. The figures shown from left to right are Amey Daldy, Kate Sheppard, Ada Wells and Harriet Morison

By far the most notable change for the 1893 election was that the Electoral Act, 1893, extended the franchise to all women (including Māori) aged 21 and over.[3] Women's suffrage was granted after about two decades of campaigning by women such as Kate Sheppard and Mary Ann Müller and organisations such as the New Zealand branch of the Women's Christian Temperance Union led by Anne Ward.[4] Of countries presently independent, New Zealand was the first to give women the vote in modern times.[5] John Hall, a Conservative politician and former premier, received most of the credit for pushing the legislation through Parliament; he is the only male who has his name inscribed on the Kate Sheppard National Memorial.[5] There were only 10 weeks between the passage of the legislation and the election, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) set about to enrol as many women as possible.[4]

The bill had passed under the Liberal government which generally advocated social and political reform, but only due to a combination of personality issues and political accident. Seddon opposed it (unlike many other Liberals) because many women supported prohibition. He had expected to stop the bill in the upper house, but found that one more vote was needed. Thomas Kelly, a new Liberal Party councillor had left himself paired in favour of the measure, but Seddon obtained his consent by wire to change his vote. Seddon's manipulation so incensed two opposition councillors, William Reynolds and Edward Stevens that they changed sides and voted for the bill, which was passed by 20 votes to 18 so giving the vote to women.[6] Both the Liberals and the Conservatives subsequently claimed credit for sponsoring the enfranchisement of women and both sought to acquire women's votes, although the Liberals benefitted more.[7]

The election

The 1893 election was held on Tuesday, 28 November in the general electorates, and on Wednesday, 20 December in the Māori electorates to elect a total of 74 MPs to the 12th Parliament.[8][9]

A total number of 302,997 (75.3%) voters turned out to vote.[10] 65% of all eligible New Zealand women voted in the 1893 election.[4] In 3 seats there was only one candidate.[11] 31 and 39 electorates were in the North Island and South Island, respectively, plus the 4 Māori electorates.[12]

Results

File:Codlin's the friend.jpg
An 1893 cartoon depicting William Rolleston urging women to vote for the Conservative Party to whom they "owe the franchise".

Party totals

The following table gives party strengths and vote distribution according to Wilson (1985), who records Maori representatives as Independents prior to the 1905 election.[13]

File:1893 nz parliament.svg
Election results
Party Candidates Total votes Percentage Seats won Change
style="width: 5px; background-color: #FFDF00;" data-sort-value="New Zealand Liberal Party" | Liberal 103 175,814 57.80% 51 +11
style="width: 5px; background-color: Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color;" data-sort-value="Conservative (New Zealand)" | [[Conservative (New Zealand)|Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shortname]] 55 74,482 24.49% 13 -12
style="width: 5px; background-color: #DDDDDD;" data-sort-value="Independent politician" | Independent 49 53,880 17.71% 10 +1
Total 207 302,997 74

Votes summary

Popular Vote
Liberal and Liberal-Labour
  
 57.80%
Conservative
  
 24.49%
Independents
  
 17.71%
Parliament seats
Liberal
  
 68.91%
Conservative
  
 17.58%
Independents
  
 13.51%

Electorate results

The following is a table of electorate results by electorate. Key

  Liberal     [[Conservative (New Zealand)|Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shortname]]     [[Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)|Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/shortname]]     Independent Liberal     Independent  

Electorate results for the 1893 New Zealand general election[14][15][16]
Electorate Incumbent Winner Majority Runner up
General electorates
Ashburton style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Edward George Wright John McLachlan 26 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Cathcart Wason
Ashley Richard Meredith 590 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | David Duncan Macfarlane
Auckland, City of John Shera George Grey 2,233 Thomas Tudehope[nb 1][17]
Thomas Thompson William Crowther 438
Alfred Cadman style="text-align:center;background-color:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | Charles Button 68
Avon Edwin Blake style="width:5px; background:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/color" | style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | William Tanner 653 George McIntyre
Awarua Joseph Ward (uncontested)
Bay of Islands Robert Houston 231 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | James Trounsen[18]
Bay of Plenty (new electorate) William Kelly 209 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Henry Burton[19]
Bruce style="width:5px; text-align:center; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading"| James Allen (uncontested)
Buller Eugene O'Conor Roderick McKenzie 213 Eugene O'Conor
Caversham (new electorate) Arthur Morrison 136 William Barron
Chalmers (new electorate) style="width:5px; background:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/color" | style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;background:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | John A. Millar 119 Edmund Allen
Christchurch, City of William Pember Reeves 1,848 Ebenezer Sandford[nb 2]
Ebenezer Sandford George Smith 916
Richard Molesworth Taylor William Whitehouse Collins 281
Clutha Thomas Mackenzie 832 James Burgh[20]
Dunedin, City of colspan=3 style="text-align:center;background-color:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | David Pinkerton 1,294 Henry Fish[nb 3]
Henry Fish style="text-align:center;background-color:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | William Earnshaw 589
William Hutchison 294
Eden style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | Edwin Mitchelson 1,161 Malcolm Niccol[21]
Egmont style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | Felix McGuire 135 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Benjamin Robbins
Ellesmere style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | John Hall William Montgomery 293 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | William Rolleston
Franklin style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Ebenezer Hamlin Benjamin Harris 89 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | William Massey
Grey Arthur Guinness 1,723 Richard Nancarrow
Hawke's Bay style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | William Russell 70 Charles William Reardon[22]
Inangahua Robert Stout Patrick O'Regan 204 William Goodwin Collings
Invercargill style="width:5px; background:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/color" | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | James Whyte Kelly 1,242 Joseph Hatch
Kaiapoi style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Richard Moore David Buddo 87 Richard Moore
Lyttelton (new electorate) John Joyce 1,041 Edwin Blake
Manukau style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Frank Buckland Maurice O'Rorke 252 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Frank Buckland
Marsden Robert Thompson[nb 4] 1,010 James Harrison[18]
Masterton Alexander Hogg 1,228 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Joseph Harkness
Mataura style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | George Richardson Robert McNab 119 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | George Richardson
Napier style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | George Swan Samuel Carnell 520 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | George Swan
Nelson style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Joseph Harkness John Graham 279 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Richmond Hursthouse
New Plymouth Edward Smith 491 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Robert Trimble
Oamaru Thomas Duncan 416 PB Fraser
Otaki (new electorate) style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | James Wilson 195 Donald Fraser[23]
Palmerston style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | James Wilson Frederick Pirani 203 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | George Matthew Snelson[24]
Pareora (new electorate) Frederick Flatman 217 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Arthur Rhodes
Parnell Frank Lawry 334 William Shepherd Allen
Patea (new electorate) style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | George Hutchison 673 William Cowern
Rangitata (new electorate) William Maslin 67 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Edward George Wright
Rangitikei style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Robert Bruce John Stevens 176 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Frank Lethbridge
Riccarton (new electorate) George Warren Russell 106 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | William Boag
Selwyn Alfred Saunders 232 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Thomas Hamilton Anson
Taieri Walter Carncross 76 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | John Buckland
Thames James McGowan 311 Edmund Taylor
Timaru William Hall-Jones 407 Edward George Kerr
Tuapeka Hugh Valentine Vincent Pyke 340 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Charles Rawlins
Waihemo (new electorate) John McKenzie 324 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Scobie Mackenzie
Waiapu (new electorate) James Carroll 497 Cecil de Lautour
Waikato Edward Lake Alfred Cadman 75 Isaac Coates[15]
Waikouaiti James Green 510 George J. Bruce[25]
Waimea-Sounds (new electorate) Charles H. Mills 333 H Everett
Waipa (new electorate) style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | Frederic Lang 989 Gerald Peacock[26]
Waipawa William Smith Charles Hall 378 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | George Hunter
Wairarapa style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | Walter Clarke Buchanan 690 George Augustus Fairbrother[27]
Wairau style="width:5px; background:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/color" | colspan=3 style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | Lindsay Buick 322 William Sinclair
Waitaki John McKenzie William Steward 1,062 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Thomas Paterson[28]
Waitemata Jackson Palmer style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | Richard Monk 239 Jackson Palmer
Wakatipu style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Thomas Fergus style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading" | William Fraser 326 John O'Meara
Wallace James Mackintosh 433 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Henry Hirst
Wanganui Archibald Willis 197 style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Gilbert Carson
Wellington, City of colspan=3 style="text-align:center;background-color:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | John Duthie Kennedy Macdonald
George Fisher style="text-align:center;background-color:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | Francis Bell
William McLean Sir Robert Stout
Wellington Suburbs (new electorate) style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/shading;" | Alfred Newman 124 Thomas Wilford
Westland Richard Seddon (uncontested)
Māori electorates[nb 5]
Eastern Maori James Carroll Wi Pere 1,399 Hoani Paraone Tunuiarangi
Northern Maori Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa Hone Heke Ngapua 507 Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa
Southern Maori Tame Parata 185 Teoti Pita Mutu
Western Maori style="width:5px; background:Template:Conservative (New Zealand)/meta/color" | Hoani Taipua Ropata Te Ao 90 Pepene Eketone

Table footnotes:

  1. ↑ Majority is difference in votes to fourth candidate
  2. ↑ Majority is difference in votes to fourth candidate
  3. ↑ Majority is difference in votes to fourth candidate
  4. ↑ Robert Thompson was an Independent in the previous Parliament
  5. ↑ The affiliation of many of the Māori candidates is unknown or uncertain

Notes

  1. ↑ McRobie 1989, pp. 55–60.
  2. ↑ McRobie 1989, pp. 59f.
  3. ↑ McRobie 1989, p. 59.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Women's Suffrage in New Zealand by Patricia Grimshaw, p 92. (1972, Auckland University Press)
  7. ↑ Brooking 1988, pp. 104.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Wilson 1985, p. 286.
  12. ↑ Wilson 1985, p. 173.
  13. ↑ Wilson 1985, pp. 287–289.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

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External links

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