October 1943

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The following events occurred in October 1943:

October 1, 1943 (Friday)

October 2, 1943 (Saturday)

October 3, 1943 (Sunday)

  • British Commandos began Operation Devon, an amphibious landing at the town of Termoli on the Adriatic coast of Italy.
  • The Battle of Kos began for the island of Kos in the Aegean Sea.
  • An experimental television program, The Bureau of Missing Persons, premiered on the DuMont Television Network. A forerunner of the 1990 premiere of America's Most Wanted, the show, hosted by NYPD Captain John J. Cronin, showed photographs of missing persons and invited the few television set owners, in New York City, to call the local police for any clues in identification.[8]
  • After General Henri Giraud stepped aside as a co-director, General Charles de Gaulle became the sole leader of France's Committee for National Liberation, which would form the basis of the nation's post-war government.[9]
  • SS General Dr. Werner Best declared Denmark to be judenfrei, although most of the nation's Jews had learned of the impending mass arrests and were in hiding, awaiting the chance to flee to Sweden.[10]
  • The United States agreed to loan Saudi Arabia two million dollars worth of silver in order for the Saudis to create a stable currency.[11]
  • The American destroyer USS Henley was torpedoed and sunk at Finschhaven, New Guinea by the Japanese submarine Ro-108.
  • The British destroyer Usurper was sunk in the Gulf of Genoa by the German anti-submarine vessel UJ 2208.
  • Born: Aaron Latham, American journalist and screenwriter; Eduardo Delgado, Argentinian classical pianist; Jinen Nagase, Japanese politician; Bruce Smathers, Florida Secretary of State 1975-78; Adriana Valdés, Chilean essayist and critic.

October 4, 1943 (Monday)

  • The Battle of Dumpu ended in Allied victory.
  • The Battle of Drashovica ended in victory for the Albanian resistance fighters.
  • American aircraft carried out Operation Leader, an attack on German shipping along the coast of Norway.
  • Heinrich Himmler delivered the first of the two Posen speeches to assembled SS officers and German administrators in the German city of Posen (now Poznań in Poland). "What happens to the Russians, what happens to the Czechs, is a matter of utter indifference to me," he said. "Such good blood of our own kind as there may be among the nations we shall acquire for ourselves, if necessary by taking away the children and bringing them up among us. Whether the other races live in comfort or perish of hunger interests me only in so far as we need them as slaves for our culture." He added, "We shall never be rough or heartless where it is not necessary; that is clear. We Germans, who are the only people in the world who have a decent attitude to animals, will also adopt a decent attitude to these human animals...I shall speak to you here with all frankness of a very serious subject. We shall now discuss it absolutely openly among ourselves, nevertheless we shall never speak of it in public. I mean the evacuation of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish race...."[12]
  • The island of Corsica, seized by Italy and Germany from France in the 1940 conquest, was liberated by the Allies after a battle of 25 days.[13]
  • The Battle of Kos ended when the German Army conquered the Greek island of Kos, took the 4,423 Italian and British troops there prisoner, then carried out Adolf Hitler's order to execute any Italian officers who had switched allegiance from the Axis to the Allies. Colonel Felice Leggio, and 100 of his fellow officers, were shot in groups of ten, then buried.[14]
  • In an attack by 406 bombers of the Royal Air Force on the city center of Frankfurt, a children's hospital on Gagernstrasse suffered a direct hit on its air-raid shelter. There were 529 civilian deaths, including 90 children, 14 nurses and a doctor.[15]
  • German submarines U-279, U-389, U-422 and U-460 were all depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by Allied aircraft.
  • Born: H. Rap Brown (Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin), African-American radical, founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and convicted murderer, as Hubert Gerold Brown, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; Buddy Roemer (Charles Henry Roemer III), U.S. Representative (1981–1988) and later Governor of Louisiana (1988–1992); in Bossier City, Louisiana; and John Bindon, English playboy, racketeer and actor, in Fulham (d. 1993)

October 5, 1943 (Tuesday)

  • The Japan ocean liner Hondon Maru was supposedly sunk by a torpedo, while traveling from Japan to Korea, killing 544 of the 616 people on board, according to a news broadcast made two days later on Tokyo radio. American reports noted that "The vessel is not listed in Lloyd's Register" and questioned its veracity.[16]
  • Theodore Morde of Reader's Digest met with Franz von Papen, the German ambassador to Turkey, in what would be described later as "a crazy attempt at personal diplomacy". At the request of OSS chief Bill Donovan, without the knowledge of President Roosevelt, Morde attempted to persuade Papen to lead a coup to overthrow Adolf Hitler, with Papen to be the new leader of Germany. Papen declined the offer.[17]
  • American bombers were able to attack Wake Island, under control of the Japanese, for the first time since an abortive attempt in 1942.[18]
  • 1943 Negro World Series: The Homestead Grays of Washington, D.C., champions of the Negro National League, defeated the Birmingham Black Barons of the Negro American League, 8-4, to win the Series in seven games. The contest, played in Montgomery, Alabama, was actually Game 8, but Game 3 had ended with the score tied in extra innings. Josh Gibson, Buck Leonard and Vic Harris led the Grays in hitting. [19]
  • Born: Steve Miller, American rock guitarist and musician, in Milwaukee
  • Died: Leon Roppolo, 41, American jazz clarinetist

October 6, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • American and Japanese ships fought the naval Battle of Vella Lavella, after nine Japanese destroyers arrived to evacuate troops from New Georgia island. Six U.S. Navy destroyers intercepted the Japanese, and the battle lasted two days, with the loss of one ship on each side. The evacuation of the Japanese was completed by October 8, and the recapture of the island ended the second phase of Operation Cartwheel.[20]
  • Heinrich Himmler gave the second of his two Posen Speeches, outlining the carrying out of the Holocaust to the assembled SS officers. The text of the speech would not be published until 1974. In his address, Himmler said, "The question will be asked: 'What about women and children?' I did not consider myself entitled to exterminate the men, to kill them or have them killed, and then allow their children to grow up to revenge themselves on our own sons and grandsons. The painful decision had to be taken, to remove this people from the face of the earth..."[21]
  • British Commandos completed Operation Devon successfully.
  • Born: Michael Durrell, American TV actor, in Brooklyn

October 7, 1943 (Thursday)

  • Białystok Ghetto Uprising: After reaching the Auschwitz concentration camp, 1,313 Jews arrested at Białystok, nearly all of them children, were put to death. The Auschwitz camp log for that day states that "1,260 Jewish children and 53 Czech chaperones arrived from Theresienstadt in a transport arranged by the Reich Main Security Office. They were killed in gas chambers on the day of their arrival..."[22]
  • The New Georgia Campaign ended in Allied victory.
  • Naples post office explosion: A time bomb, placed more than a week earlier, in the Italian city's main post office, by the fleeing German Army, exploded, killing more than 100 people.[23]
  • Two days after the American bombardment of Wake Island, the remaining 97 American civilians there were executed on orders of Japan's Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara. Under the direction of Lieutenant Torashi Ito, Japanese soldiers marched the blindfolded prisoners to a beach on the northeast side of the island, shot them with machine guns, then buried their bodies in a mass grave.[24]
  • The American submarine USS S-44 was shelled and sunk off Uomi Saki, Kuril Islands by the Japanese escort ship Ishigaki.
  • The children's film Lassie Come Home, the first in a series of seven MGM movies starring the fictional Rough Collie dog Lassie, was released. A young Roddy McDowall played Lassie's companion.
  • Born: Oliver North, U.S. Marine lieutenant colonel, National Security Council staffer during Iran-Contra affair, and military historian; in San Antonio

October 8, 1943 (Friday)

  • The last Jewish residents of the Liepaja Ghetto, in German-occupied Latvia, were deported and sent to the Kaiserwald concentration camp. Before the 1941 invasion, there had been more than 7,000 Jewish residents of Liepaja. Only 832 remained by mid-1942, when the order went out to confine them to a small area of the city.[25]
  • German submarines U-419, U-610 and U-643 were all depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by Allied aircraft.
  • Polish destroyer Orkan was sunk in the North Atlantic by German submarine U-378.
  • Born: Chevy Chase, American TV comedian and film actor, as Cornelius Crane Chase in New York City; and R. L. Stine, American author of children's books, best known for the Goosebumps series of horror stories; in Columbus, Ohio

October 9, 1943 (Saturday)

  • The Land Battle of Vella Lavella ended in Allied victory.
  • The Jesselton Revolt began in British Borneo by guerrilla forces against Japanese occupying troops.
  • Three days after sending a request to German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop to allow the 8,000 Jews of occupied Rome to be used in construction projects rather than being deported to Germany, SS representative Herbert Kappler was told that their removal was being ordered directly on instructions from Adolf Hitler. The arrests would be made one week later, although all but 1,259 of the 8,000 would actually be caught in that night's roundup.[26][27]
  • The American destroyer USS Buck was torpedoed and sunk in the Tyrrhenian Sea off Salerno by German submarine U-616.
  • British destroyer HMS Panther was bombed and sunk in the Scarpento Channel by German Junkers Ju 87 aircraft.
  • Died: Pieter Zeeman, 78, Dutch physicist and Nobel Prize laureate

October 10, 1943 (Sunday)

  • The German city of Münster was heavily bombed in the first daytime raid by the United States Eighth Air Force, with the entire force of 236 B-17 Flying Fortress bombers attacking the historic city. With 216 P-47 Thunderbolt fighters flying cover, the formation flew in a line 15 miles long. Germany's Luftwaffe sent up 350 fighters to engage the American force, while antiaircraft guns fired at the armada. Nearly 700 civilians were killed in Munster, while thirty American bombers were shot down, and 105 badly damaged, with a loss of 308 American airmen and officers missing.[28][29]
  • Chiang Kai-shek formally took the oath of office as chairman of Chairman of the National Government in China, a position equivalent to President. He would hold until 1949 in mainland China, and, after fleeing to Taiwan, until his death on April 5, 1975.[30]

October 11, 1943 (Monday)

October 12, 1943 (Tuesday)

October 13, 1943 (Wednesday)

  • Thirty-five days after it had been fighting as a member of the Axis powers against the Allies, Italy declared war on Germany, with a broadcast by Prime Minister Badoglio at 3:00 pm local time. Italy had entered the war on June 10, 1940, with a declaration of war against France and the United Kingdom.[36]
  • The two-day Battle of John's Knoll–Trevor's Ridge ended in Allied victory.
  • The two-day Battle of Lenino ended in Soviet-Polish offensive failure.
  • The American destroyer Bristol was torpedoed and sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Algiers by German submarine U-371.
  • German submarine U-402 was torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by an American Grumman TBF Avenger from the escort carrier USS Card.
  • Died: Siegfried von Forstner, 33, German U-boat commander (killed in the sinking of U-402)

October 14, 1943 (Thursday)

  • Jewish prisoners at the Sobibor extermination camp in Poland launched an uprising against their German captors. The attack, co-ordinated by Leon Feldhendler and Captain Alexander Pechersky (a Soviet prisoner of war), was partially successful. Eleven German SS men and several Ukrainian guards were killed, and about 300 of the 700 inmates were able to escape. Many of the escapees died when they fled through the minefields that surrounded the death camp, and others were recaptured and killed, but about 50 were able to survive. Those prisoners who had elected not to escape were killed and the camp was closed.[26][37]
  • Second Raid on Schweinfurt: The U.S. Eighth Air Force sent 291 B-17 bombers sent to attack Germany's ball bearing factories at Schweinfurt, and were met several hundred German fighters. Sixty of the bombers were shut down, and another 133 were heavily damaged, while the Germans lost 35 fighters. It took four months for the Eighth Air Force to return to full capacity.[38]
  • José P. Laurel, formerly a justice of the Philippines Supreme Court, took the oath of office as President of the nominally-independent Second Philippine Republic, under the sponsorship of Japan. The Republic's first act was to sign an alliance with Japan.[39]

October 15, 1943 (Friday)

October 16, 1943 (Saturday)

  • The Swedish "repatriation liner" MS Gripsholm, sent from the United States, docked alongside the Japanese liner Teia Maru, in the Portuguese Indian port of Mormugao. The Gripsholm was carrying 1,500 Japanese nationals, while the Teia Maru had 1,503 citizens from the United States, United Kingdom and France.[42]
  • German police in occupied Rome arrested 1,259 Jews, though 252 were subsequently released after being deemed to be children of mixed marriages. Many others had gotten word of the order of October 9, and fled from their homes to find sanctuary with Gentile friends or in Roman Catholic churches or institutions.[26]
  • German submarines U-470, U-533, U-844 and U-964 were all lost to enemy action.
  • Born: Paul Rose, Canadian Quebec nationalist and assassin, in 1970, of Quebec Labour Minister Pierre Laporte; in Montreal (d. 2013)

October 17, 1943 (Sunday)

  • After five years of construction, the city of Chicago began regular service on its first subway, a 4.9 mile stretch of underground track that ran from State Street and Clybourn Avenue. At the dedication the day before, Mayor Edward J. Kelly declared that the subway was "all the more a remarkable accomplishment since many famous engineers had declared it was impossible." [43]
  • The German cruiser Michel, which was the last "merchant raider" (a ship disguised as an unarmed merchant vessel but equipped with weaponry), was torpedoed and sunk off Japan by the American submarine USS Tarpon.[44] The Michel had sunk 17 Allied merchant ships.
  • German submarines U-540, U-631 and U-841 were all lost in the Atlantic Ocean to enemy action.
  • Died: Paul Vignon, 78, French scholar who spent 43 years studying the Shroud of Turin

October 18, 1943 (Monday)

  • Two days after the roundup of Jews in Rome, 1,007 were sent directly to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where they would arrive on October 23 for extermination.[45]
  • Perry Mason, based on the novels of Erle Stanley Gardner, was first broadcast as a 15-minute long daytime radio show on the CBS Radio Network. The show would run on radio until December 20, 1955. Thomas Leitch, TV Milestones Series: Perry Mason (Wayne State University Press, 2005)
  • Count Carlo Sforza, the former Foreign Minister of Italy, returned to his homeland after an exile of fifteen years.[46]
  • Four provinces of Japanese-occupied British Malaya (Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Trengganu) were transferred by Japan to the Kingdom of Thailand, pursuant to a treaty signed between the two monarchies on to be made part of Thailand. Thai administration would begin on August 20.[47]

October 19, 1943 (Tuesday)

  • The antibiotic Streptomycin was first isolated in a laboratory, by Albert Schatz, a 23-year-old student at Rutgers University. Schatz was working for Professor Selman Waksman, who gave the new medicine, developed from a culture of the bacteria Actinomyces griseus, which was able to kill certain bacteria that could not be treated with penicillin. Human treatment would be approved in 1946.[48]
  • The first exchange of prisoners of war, between the United Kingdom and Germany, began in Sweden at the port of Goteborg. A group of 4,340 POWs from Allied nations, released because of illness and injuries, arrived by trains and on hospital ships from Germany; most had been imprisoned for more than three years, including 17 Americans. Later in the day, 835 German prioners arrived on two British liners, with more due to arrive later in the week. The exchange was supervised by the Swedish Red Cross.[49]
  • Allied aircraft sank the German-controlled cargo ship MS Sinfra in the Mediterranean, killing over 2,000 people, mostly Italian military internees.
  • Died: Camille Claudel, 78, French sculptor

October 20, 1943 (Wednesday)

October 21, 1943 (Thursday)

  • "The Provisional Government of Azad Hind" (literally, "Free India") was proclaimed, with Subhas Chandra Bose as President, in those territories of British India that had been captured by Japan. The Japanese government provided the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the new state.[54] At the same time, Bose announced that Azad Hind was joining Japan in the war against the U.S. and the U.K.[55]
  • German forces, retreating from the Byelorussian SSR, began the liquidation of the Minsk Ghetto. Over a period of 12 days, more than 2,000 Jewish residents were deported to the Maly Trostenets extermination camp outside of the city.[56]
  • As Japan began the drafting of high school and university students into its armed forces, the first parade of newly drafted shutsujin was held. A group of 25,000 students, from 77 schools, marched past the Meiji Jingu Shrine in Tokyo, with Prime Minister Hideki Tojo and Education Minister Nagakage Okabe reviewing the new recruits.[57]
  • The British Royal Air Force delivered a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of Kassel.[58]
  • After 18 months, the 140,000 Jews of French Algeria were restored to French citizenship. General Henri Giraud had revoked the group's historic standing on March 17, 1942, placing the Algerian Jews under the same restriction that had existed for Algerian Arabs since the French conquest of Algeria. The Arab residents of Algeria were still required to file an application if they wished to become citizens of France.[59][60]
  • The American destroyer USS Murphy collided with the British tanker Bulkoil off the coast of New Jersey and was severely damaged. The stern section was repaired and she was returned to service in time to participate in Operation Overlord.
  • German submarine U-431 was depth charged and sunk off Algiers by a Vickers Wellington of No. 179 Squadron RAF.
  • Born: Tariq Ali, Pakistani filmmaker and journalist; in Lahore, British India
  • Died: Sir Dudley Pound, 66, British Admiral of the Fleet and First Sea Lord, 16 days after his resignation for illness.[61]

October 22, 1943 (Friday)

  • Bombing of Kassel in World War II: Ten Royal Air Force bomber squadrons, with 569 planes, leveled the German city of Kassel. With 416,000 incendiary bombs dropped on the older section of town during extremely dry weather, fires swept the city center within 15 minutes, and became a firestorm that peaked after 45 minutes. Ten thousand residents, mostly civilians were killed. Although more people died in the July 27 and 28 attack on Hamburg, a higher percentage of the population (4.42%, more than one in 25 people) died in the attack.[15]
  • As part of the Bombing of Kassel, the RAF launched Operation Corona, an attempt to confuse German night-fighters by having native German speakers impersonate German Air Defence officers.
  • Thirteen of the 15 people aboard a Swedish airliner were killed after the plane was shot down by "an unidentified warplane". The airliner came under fire for ten minutes and was crashed on the island of Holloe.[62]
  • The British destroyer Hurworth struck a mine and sank in the Aegean Sea.
  • The Battle of Sept-Îles was fought over the night of October 22-23 near the French coast in the English Channel between British and German naval forces. The result was a German victory as the British cruiser Charybdis was torpedoed and sunk in the Bay of Biscay by German torpedo boats.
  • Born: Catherine Deneuve, French actress, as Catherine Dorleac in Paris
  • Died: Sir William Reginald Hall, 73, British Admiral and Director of the Naval Intelligence Division

October 23, 1943 (Saturday)

October 24, 1943 (Sunday)

October 25, 1943 (Monday)

October 26, 1943 (Tuesday)

  • U.S. President Roosevelt issued Presidential Proclamation 2597, extending draft registration beyond the 48 states. Thereafter, all American men aged 18–44, living in the territories of Alaska, Hawaii or Puerto Rico, were required to register before the end of the year.[69]
  • The German Dornier Do 335 heavy fighter had its first flight.
  • Died: Aurel Stein, 80, Hungarian-born British archaeologist

October 27, 1943 (Wednesday)

October 28, 1943 (Thursday)

  • Philadelphia Experiment: In a story widely believed to be a hoax, the destroyer escort USS Eldridge (DE-173) was supposedly rendered invisible to human observers for a brief period, and (in some versions) even teleported from the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard to the U.S. Navy shipyard in Norfolk, Virginia and back, with the result that several of the people on board were seriously injured, went insane, or killed.[71][72] The story would be popularized by the bestselling 1974 book The Bermuda Triangle, by Charles Berlitz, and the U.S. Navy began receiving regular inquiries.[73] In 1979, Berlitz and William L. Moore would write a more detailed account in The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility, by which time the Navy would have a standard response: "As for the Philadelphia Experiment, the ONR (Office of Naval Research) has never conducted any investigations on invisibility, either in 1943 or at any other time. In view of present scientific knowledge, our scientists do not believe that such an experiment could be possible except in the realm of science fiction."[74]
  • The Allied Raid on Choiseul in the Solomons began.
  • German submarine U-220 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by U.S. aircraft from the escort carrier Block Island.

October 29, 1943 (Friday)

  • Robert Dorsay, German character actor and comedian, was executed in Germany after being convicted of "ongoing activity hostile to the Reich and serious undermining of the German defense effort". In March, Dorsay had been overheard by a Gestapo informer, while joking about the government. When his mail and home was searched, an unsent letter was found in which Dorsay made fun of the Nazi Party, and described the continued German war effort as "idiotic".[75]
  • German submarine U-282 was depth charged and sunk in the North Atlantic by British warships.

October 30, 1943 (Saturday)

  • Moscow Declaration: (Cordell Hull, Anthony Eden, Joseph Stalin and Foo Ping-sheung, the ambassador to the USSR from the Republic of China government (based in Beijing), signed on behalf China.[76]
  • The Japanese-controlled Chinese Republic, with its capital at Nanjing signed a treaty with the Empire of Japan. Wang Jingwei, the President of the puppet state, signed an agreement in Tokyo with Japan's Foreign Minister, Kazuhiko Togo, that provided that Japan would withdraw all of its troops from China at the end of World War II.[77]
  • Gus Bodnar scored a goal only 15 seconds after starting his National Hockey League career, setting a league record that still stands for fastest goal by a rookie. Bodnar, playing for the Toronto Maple Leafs, was playing against the New York Rangers.[78]
  • "Pistol Packin' Mama" by Al Dexter topped the Billboard singles chart.
  • Died: Max Reinhardt, 70, Austrian-born American stage and film director

October 31, 1943 (Sunday)

  • The Red Army cut the Germans' rail link to the Crimea by capturing Chaplynka.[79]
  • The RB-1 Conestoga airplane was flown for the first time.[80]
  • The Soviet IS-2 tank was accepted for service in the Soviet Army.[81]
  • German submarines U-306, U-584 and U-732 were all lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Born: G. Madhavan Nair, Chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation and Secretary to the Department of Space, Government of India since September 2003; in Kulasekaram, Tamil Nadu

References

  1. ↑ "YANKS OCCUPY NAPLES", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 1, 1943, p1
  2. ↑ Gorton Carruth, et al., The Encycloopedia of American Facts and Dates (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) p542
  3. ↑ "Harriman Is Named U.S. Envoy to Russia", Pittsburgh Press, October 1, 1943, p. 1
  4. ↑ M.G. Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind: Human Legacies of the Kamikaze (Penguin, 2006)
  5. ↑ Călin Hentea, Brief Romanian Military History (Scarecrow Press, 2007) p. 182
  6. ↑ Leo Goldberger, The Rescue of the Danish Jews: Moral Courage Under Stress (New York University Press, 1987) p. 10
  7. ↑ Jacques Delarue, Gestapo: A History of Horror (Skyhorse Publishing, 2008)
  8. ↑ Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 Through 2010, Vincent Terrace, ed. (McFarland, 2011)
  9. ↑ B. D. Graham, Choice and Democratic Order: The French Socialist Party, 1937-1950 (Cambridge University Press, 2006) p256
  10. ↑ Mordecai Paldiel, Diplomat Heroes of the Holocaust (KTAV Publishing House, 2007) p. 101
  11. ↑ Winberg Chai, Saudi Arabia: A Modern Reader (University of Indianapolis Press, 2005) p. 29
  12. ↑ William L. Shirer, The Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (Simon and Schuster, 1959, 1990) pp. 937–938; Naomi Mandel, Against the Unspeakable: Complicity, the Holocaust, And Slavery in America (University of Virginia Press, 2006) p227; Joseph Telushkin, Jewish Literacy (HarperCollins, 2010) p398 Heinrich Himmler's Speech at Poznan (Posen) Text of the first Poznan Speech"
  13. ↑ Robert Ramsay, The Corsican Time-bomb (Manchester University Press, 1983) pp. 21–22
  14. ↑ George Duncan's "Massacres and Atrocities of World War II: Greece"
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Jörg Friedrich, The Fire: The Bombing of Germany, 1940-1945 (Columbia University Press, 2008) pp. 99–100
  16. ↑ "Sinking of Japanese Linder Revealed by Tokyo Radio", Pittsburgh Press, October 7, 1943, p. 4
  17. ↑ Yehuda Bauer, Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations : 1933-1945 (Yale University Press, 1996) p. 125
  18. ↑ Kermit "Kit" Bonner, Final Voyages (Turner Publishing Company, 1997) p. 86
  19. ↑ "Grays Win World Championship; Beat Barons, 8-4", The Afro-American, October 16, 1943, p19
  20. ↑ "Vella Lavella, Battle of", in Encyclopedia of Naval History, Anthony Bruce, ed., p. 387
  21. ↑ Klaus Hildebrand, The Third Reich (Taylor & Francis, 2005) pp. 70–71
  22. ↑ Sara Bender, The Jews of Bialystok During World War II and the Holocaust (University Press of New England, 2008) p. 272
  23. ↑ "Bomb in Naples Kills Hundreds", Pittsburgh Press, October 7, 1943, p. 1
  24. ↑ Bill Sloan, Undefeated: America's Heroic Fight for Bataan and Corregidor (Simon and Schuster, 2012) pp. 312–313
  25. ↑ "Jews in Liepaja/Latvia, 1941-45"
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932-1945 (Oxford University Press, 1991)
  27. ↑ Margherita Marchione, Consensus and Controversy: Defending Pope Pius XII (Paulist Press, 2002) p. 70
  28. ↑ L. Douglas Keeney, The Pointblank Directive - Three Generals and the Untold Story of the Daring Plan that Saved D-Day (Osprey Publishing, 2012) p. 44
  29. ↑ Donald L. Miller, Masters of the Air: America's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany (Simon and Schuster, 2007) p. 21
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ "Yankees Defeat Cards 2-0 To Win World Series", Pittsburgh Press, October 11, 1943, p. 1
  32. ↑ "Croat Troops Enter Zagreb", Pittsburgh Press, October 12, 1943, p. 7
  33. ↑ "FCC Approves Sale of Blue Network to Noble", Chicago Daily Tribune, October 13, 1943, p21
  34. ↑ "ALLIES GIVEN AZORES BASES", Pittsburgh Press, October 12, 1943, p. 1
  35. ↑ "RABAUL BASE SMASHED BY McARTHUR'S FLIERS" (sic), Pittsburgh Press, October 14, 1943, p. 1
  36. ↑ "ITALY DECLARES WAR ON NAZIS", Pittsburgh Press, October 13, 1943, p. 1
  37. ↑ Yitzhak Arad, In the Shadow of the Red Banner: Soviet Jews in the War Against Nazi Germany (Gefen Publishing House, 2010) p. 252; "Sobibor", in The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Donald L. Niewyk and Francis R. Nicosia, eds. (Columbia University Press, 2000) p208; Elaine Saphier Fox, Out of Chaos: Hidden Children Remember the Holocaust (Northwestern University Press, 2013) p. 279
  38. ↑ "Schewinfurt-Regensburg Raids", in Battles That Changed American History, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2014) pp. 221–222
  39. ↑ "Philippine Puppet Regime Condemned by Roosevelt", Pittsburgh Press, October 22, 1943, p. 1
  40. ↑ "Plane Crashes in Tennessee; 10 Are Killed", Pittsburgh Press, October 17, 1943, p. 5
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ "Liner Gripsholm In Port For Exchange Of Internees", Pittsburgh Press, October 17, 1943, p. 4
  43. ↑ "Subway Opened by Mayor; Big Crowd Attends— First Official Train Run; Public Rides Today", Chicago Sunday Tribune, October 17, 1943, p3
  44. ↑ August Karl Muggenthaler, German Raiders of WWII (Prentice-Hall, 1977) p. 276
  45. ↑ Peter Hayes and John K. Roth, The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies (Oxford University Press, 2010) p. 337
  46. ↑ "Sforza Reaches Italy After 15-Year Exile", Pittsburgh Press, October 20, 1943, p. 7
  47. ↑ Paul H. Kratoska, The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History (University of Hawaii Press, 1997) pp. 85–86
  48. ↑ Jie Jack Li, Laughing Gas, Viagra, and Lipitor : The Human Stories behind the Drugs We Use (Oxford University Press, 2006) pp. 62–63
  49. ↑ "17 Americans Held by Nazis Will Be Freed", Pittsburgh Press, October 19, 1943, p. 5
  50. ↑ Brian Garfield, Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians (University of Alaska Press, 2010) p. 391
  51. ↑ "OIL TANKERS COLLIDE, 88 DIE; Gasoline Ship Blows Up Off Florida; 28 Saved", Chicago Sunday Tribune, October 24, 1943, p1
  52. ↑ Arieh J. Kochavi, Prelude to Nuremberg: Allied War Crimes Policy and the Question of Punishment (University of North Carolina Press, 1998) p. 54
  53. ↑ "Wavell Takes Oath As Viceroy of India", Pittsburgh Press, October 20, 1943, p. 6
  54. ↑ "Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia", in Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to Timor, Ooi Keat Gin, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2004) p. 683
  55. ↑ Michael R. Stenson, Class, Race, and Colonialism in West Malaysia (University of British Columbia Press, 2011) p. 96
  56. ↑ Barbara Epstein, The Minsk Ghetto 1941-1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism (University of California Press, 2008) p. 108
  57. ↑ Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History (University of Chicago Press, 2010) p. 163
  58. ↑ "NAZI ARMS CITY SMASHED BY 2000-TON RAF ATTACK", Pittsburgh Press, October 23, 1943, p. 1
  59. ↑ "Citizenship Restored To Jews in Algeria", Pittsburgh Press, October 21, 1943, p. 10
  60. ↑ Todd Shepard, The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War And the Remaking of France (Cornell University Press, 2006) p. 169
  61. ↑ "Adm. Cunningham Named New Chief of Britain's Navy", Pittsburgh Press, October 5, 1943, p. 4; "Retired British Navy Chief, Dudley Pound, Dies At 66", Pittsburgh Press, October 21, 1943, p. 7
  62. ↑ "Warplane Downs Airliner In Flames on Swedish Isle", Pittsburgh Press, October 23, 1943, p. 1
  63. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Terry Crowdy, Deceiving Hitler: Double-Cross and Deception in World War II (Osprey Publishing, 2011) p217
  66. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  67. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  68. ↑ Les Daniels, Batman: The Complete History (Chronicle Books, 2004)
  69. ↑ The Home Front Encyclopedia: United States, Britain, And Canada in World Wars I And II, James Ciment and Thaddeus Russell, eds. (ABC-CLIO, 2007) p. 1353
  70. ↑ "Juan Peron", in The 20th Century, O - Z: Dictionary of World Biography, Frank N. Magill, ed. (Routledge, 1999)
  71. ↑ "Philadelphia Experiment", in The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions, Robert Carroll, ed. (John Wiley & Sons, 2011) pp. 283–284
  72. ↑ Jon E. Lewis, Mammoth Books Presents Political Conspiracies and Mind Control (Constable & Robinson Ltd., 2012)
  73. ↑ "The Bermuda Triangle Isn't Playing Square", by Walter Sullivan New York Times, April 6, 1975; "Facts No Barrier to Bermuda Mystery", Kansas City Times, April 24, 1975, p. 10E
  74. ↑ "Invisible ship is back: Author creates new waves for the U.S. Navy", Winnipeg Free Press, June 7, 1979, p. 22
  75. ↑ Klaus Kreimeier, The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945 (University of California Press, 1999) p. 327
  76. ↑ Jonathan Haslam, Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (Yale University Press, 2011) p. 18
  77. ↑ Gilbert Rozman, ed., U.S. Leadership, History, and Bilateral Relations in Northeast Asia (Cambridge University Press) p. 34
  78. ↑ [1], Hockey Hall of Fame website
  79. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ William F. Trimble, High Frontier: A History of Aeronautics in Pennsylvania (University of Pittsburgh Press, 1982) p. 224
  81. ↑ David Miller, The Illustrated Directory of Tanks of the World (Zenith Imprint, 2000)
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