Unikont

Unikonts
Orange elephant ear sponge, Agelas clathrodes, in foreground. Two corals in the background: a sea fan, Iciligorgia schrammi, and a sea rod, Plexaurella nutans.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	Unikonta Cavalier-Smith, 2002
Subgroups
Opisthokonta Amoebozoa
Synonyms
Amorphea Adl et al., 2012 Opimoda Derelle et al., 2015 Podiata Cavalier-Smith, 2012

Unikonts are members of the Unikonta, a taxonomic group proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith.

The International Society of Protistologists, the recognised body for taxonomy of protozoa, recommended in 2012 that the term Unikont be changed to Amorphea.

It includes amoebozoa, opisthokonts, and possibly Apusozoa.

Taxonomic revisions within this group

Cavalier-Smith has proposed two new phyla: Sulcozoa which consists of the subphyla Apusozoa (Apusomonadida, Breviatea) and Varisulca which includes the subphyla Diphyllatea, Discocelida, Mantamonadida, Planomonadida and Rigifilida. The validity of this proposed taxonomy has yet to ruled upon by the Society of Protistologists.

Further work by Cavalier-Smith has shown that Sulcozoa is paraphyletic. Apusozoa also appears to be paraphyetic. Varisulca has been redefined to include planomonads, Mantamonas and Collodictyon. A new taxon has been created - Glissodiscea - for the planomonads and Mantamonas. Again the validity of this revised taxonomy awaits approval by the Society.

Amoebozoa seems to be monophyetic with two major branches: Conosa and Lobosa. Conosa is divided into the aerobic infraphylum Semiconosia (Mycetozoa and Variosea) and secondarily anaerobic Archamoebae. Lobosa consists entirely of non-flagellated lobose amoebae and has been divided into into two classes: Discosea which have flattened cells and Tubulinea with predominantly tube-shaped pseudopodia.

Clade

The group includes eukaryotic cells that, for the most part, have a single emergent flagellum, or are amoebae with no flagella. The unikonts include opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa. By contrast other well-known eukaryotic groups, which more often have two emergent flagella (although there are many exceptions) are often referred to as bikonts. Bikonts include Archaeplastida (plants and relatives), Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata.

Eukaryote	Bikonta Archaeplastida Chromalveolata Unikonta Varisulca Amporphea Amoebozoa Obazoa Breviatea Apusomonadida Opisthokonts Holomycota Fungi Discicristoidea Nucleariida Fonticulida Holozoa Teretosporea Corallochytrium Mesomycetozoa Filozoa Filasterea Choanoflagellatea Animalia

One view of the great kingdoms and their stem groups.

Characteristics

The unikonts have a triple-gene fusion that is lacking in the bikonts. The three genes that are fused together in the unikonts, but not bacteria or bikonts, encode enzymes for synthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides: carbamoyl phosphate synthase, dihydroorotase, aspartate carbamoyltransferase. This must have involved a double fusion, a rare pair of events, supporting the shared ancestry of Opisthokonta and Amoebozoa.

Cavalier-Smith originally proposed that unikonts ancestrally had a single flagellum and single basal body. This is unlikely, however, as flagellated opisthokonts, as well as some flagellated Amoebozoa, including Breviata, actually have two basal bodies, as in typical 'bikonts' (even though only one is flagellated in most unikonts). This paired arrangement can also be seen in the organization of centrioles in typical animal cells. In spite of the name of the group, the common ancestor of all 'unikonts' was probably a cell with two basal bodies.

External links

• Tree of Life Eukaryotes