Order of the Sacred Treasure
| Order of the Sacred Treasure 瑞宝章 |
|
|---|---|
| 200px | |
| Star of the Order of the Sacred Treasure | |
| Awarded by the Emperor of Japan | |
| Type | Order |
| Awarded for | Long and/or meritorious civil or military service |
| Status | Currently constituted |
| Sovereign | His Imperial Majesty The Emperor |
| Grades (w/ post-nominals) | 1st through 8th Class (1888-2003) Since 2003: Grand Cordon Gold and Silver Star (Rays, Principal Grade) Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (Cordon, Middle Grade) Gold Rays with Rosette (Cordon, Junior Grade) Gold and Silver Rays (Double Rays) Silver Rays (Single Ray) |
| Established | 4 January 1888 |
| Precedence | |
| Next (higher) | Order of the Rising Sun |
| Next (lower) | Order of Culture |
| 100px | |
| Ribbon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure – new type | |
The Order of the Sacred Treasure (瑞宝章 Zuihō-shō?) is a Japanese Order, established on 4 January 1888 by Emperor Meiji as the Order of Meiji. Originally awarded in eight classes (from 8th to 1st, in ascending order of importance), since 2003 it has been awarded in six classes, the lowest two medals being abolished that year. The most widely conferred Japanese order, it is awarded to those who have made distinguished achievements in research fields, business industries, healthcare, social work, state/local government fields or the improvement of life for handicapped/impaired persons.[1]
Originally a male-only decoration, the order has been made available to women since 1919; it is awarded for both civil and military merit, though of a lesser degree than that required for the conferment of the Order of the Rising Sun. Unlike most of its European counterparts, the order may be conferred posthumously.[citation needed]
Contents
Classes
The Order can be awarded in any of six classes. Conventionally, a diploma is prepared to accompany the insignia of the order, and in some rare instances, the personal signature of the emperor will have been added. As an illustration of the wording of the text, a translation of a representative 1929 diploma says:
-
- "By the grace of Heaven, Emperor of Japan, seated on the throne occupied by the same dynasty from time immemorial,
-
- We confer the Second Class of the Imperial Order of Meiji upon Henry Waters Taft, a citizen of the United States of America and a director of the Japan Society of New York, and invest him with the insignia of the same class of the Order of the Double Rays of the Rising Sun, in expression of the good will which we entertain towards him.
-
- "In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hand and caused the Grand Seal of State to be affixed at the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, this thirteenth day of the fifth month of the fourth year of Shōwa, corresponding to the 2,589th year from the accession to the throne of Emperor Jimmu."[2]
Insignia
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The insignia of the order incorporates symbols for the three imperial treasures: the Yata Mirror, so sacred that not even the Emperor is allowed to look at it; the Yasakani Jewel, which is made of the finest jade; and the Emperor's personal sword.
The star for the Grand Cordon and Second Class is similar to the badge as described above, but effectively with two sets of Maltese crosses, one in gilt and one placed diagonally in silver. It is worn on the left chest by the Grand Cordon, on the right chest (without any other insignia) by the 2nd class.
The badge for the first through sixth classes is a Maltese cross, in gilt (1st-4th classes), gilt and silver (5th class) and silver (6th class), with white enameled rays (representing the sword). The central disc is blue, bearing an eight-pointed silver star (representing the mirror), surrounded by a wreath with red-enameled dots (representing the jewel). The badge is suspended on a ribbon in light blue with a gold stripe near the border, worn as a sash on the right shoulder by the Grand Cordon, as a necklet by males of the 2nd and 3rd classes, on the left chest (the ribbon folded into a triangle) by the 4th to 6th classes (with a rosette for the 4th class). For females of the 2nd to 6th classes, the ribbon is a bow worn on the left shoulder (with a rosette for the 4th class).
Until 2003, when it was abolished, the badge of the seventh and eighth classes was an eight-pointed silver medal, partially gilded for the 7th class, with representations of just the mirror and the jewel. The badge is suspended on a white ribbon with a gold stripe near the border, worn by men on the left chest (the ribbon folded into a triangle). For women, the ribbon is a bow worn on the left shoulder.
Until 2003, the ribbon of the order was white with two gold stripes near the borders; since then the ribbon has been light blue, but retains two gold stripes near the borders. The ribbon for the Fourth Class and above incorporates a blue-and-gold rosette (silver until 2003), with a solid gold bar for the Grand Cordon, a gold and silver bar for the Second Class, a solid silver bar for the Third Class and only the rosette for the Fourth Class. The ribbon for the Fifth and Sixth Classes has a centered blue disc (silver until 2003) with gold rays radiating from its center, eight rays for the Fifth Class and six rays for the Sixth Class. Formerly, the ribbon for the Seventh and Eighth Classes had a centered silver disc with gold rays radiating from its center, four rays for the Seventh Class and three rays for the Eighth Class.
| Ribbons of the Order of the Sacred Treasure | ||
|---|---|---|
| 1888–2003 | 2003–present | |
_1Class_BAR.svg){kind=small} |
Grand Cordon | |
 |
Second Class, Gold and Silver Star | |
| Third Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon | ||
 |
Fourth Class, Gold Rays with Rosette | |
_5Class_BAR.svg){kind=small} |
 |
Fifth Class, Gold and Silver Rays |
_6Class_BAR.svg){kind=small} |
 |
Sixth Class, Silver Rays |
_7Class_BAR.svg){kind=small} |
Seventh Class, Medal (abolished 2003) | |
_8Class_BAR.svg){kind=small} |
Eighth Class, Medal (abolished 2003) | |
_blank_BAR.svg){kind=small} |
General ribbon of the order | |
After the 2003 reform
In 2003 the lowest two classes of the Order were abolished. Moreover, the badges of the Order will from now on be suspended from three white-enamelled paulownia leaves (not chrysanthemum leaves as the Decoration Bureau page claims).[citation needed]
Selected recipients
-
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
1st class, Grand Cordon
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- Otto Abetz[when?][3]
- Sir Charles Alexander Anderson awarded 1921[4]
- Isoroku Yamamoto[when?] Date unknown, Is pictured wearing it but unknown date of origin.
- Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, awarded 1981[5]
- Emilio Álvarez Montalván, awarded 2003[citation needed]
- Daniel Boorstin, awarded 1986[6]
- Avery Brundage[when?][7]
- Sir Hugh Cortazzi, awarded 1995[8]
- Takuma Dan, awarded 1932[9]
- Henry Willard Denison[when?][10]
- Milton Friedman, awarded 1986[3]
- Daniel Hays, awarded 2000[3]
- Norio Ohga, awarded 2001[11]
- James McNaughton Hester, awarded 1981[12]
- Kiyoshi Sumiya, awarded 1998[13]
- Masaru Ibuka (1908–1997)[when?][14]
- Umezawa Michiharu, awarded 1914[15]
- Kokichi Mikimoto, awarded 1954[3]
- Akio Morita, awarded 1991[16]
- Nakamura Utaemon VI, awarded 1996[17]
- Henry Francis Oliver (1865–1965), awarded 1917[18]
- Radhabinod Pal, awarded 1966[citation needed]
- Peter Parker, awarded 1991[19]
- Sir Julian Ridsdale (1915–2004), awarded 1967 and 1990[20]
- Shoichiro Toyoda, awarded 1995[21]
- Hugh Trenchard, awarded 1921[22]
2nd class, Gold and Silver Star
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- Herbert W. Armstrong (1892–1986)[3][when?]
- Dr. Hans Hermann Baerwald, awarded 1989[citation needed]
- Mary Griggs Burke (1916-2012), awarded 1987 [23]
- W. Edwards Deming (1900–1993), awarded 1960[24]
- James Harold Elmsley (1859–1921)[25]
- Bonner Fellers, awarded 1971 [26]
- Ted Fujita (1920–1998)[27]
- Fr. Hermann Heuvers S.J., awarded 1969[citation needed]
- Kaoru Ishikawa (1915–1989)[28]
- Joseph M. Juran (1904–2008)[29][when?]
- Yuet Keung Kan (1913–2012), awarded 1983[30]
- Shahin Lauritzen, awarded 1999[citation needed]
- Bernard Leach (1887–1979)[31][when?]
- James Molesworth Blair[when?][25]
- Richard W. Pound, awarded 1998[32]
- Johannis de Rijke, awarded 1903[33]
- Sakıp Sabancı (1993–2004), awarded 1992[34]
- Jacob Schiff (1847–1920), awarded 1905[35]
- Henry W. Taft (1859–1945)[2][when?]
- Ichimatsu Tanaka (1895–1983)[36]
- Akira Toriyama (1898–1994), awarded 1971[37]
- Eugene P. Wilkinson[38][when?]
- Yoshimasa Hirata (1915-2000), awarded 1987
3rd class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon
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- Frank Shozo Baba (1915–2008)[citation needed]
- Gheorghe Bagulescu (1886–1963)[when?][who?]
- Delmer Myers Brown (1909–2011), awarded 1997[39]
- George Bull (1929–2001)[when?][citation needed]
- Edoardo Chiossone (1833–98)[when?][citation needed]
- Sir Frank Gill (1866-1950) awarded 1930[40]
- Robert Günther, awarded 1929[41]
- Günther Gumprich[42][when?]
- Captain Arthur Hawkins (USN)[when?][citation needed]
- Col. William F. Hebert (1928-2008), awarded 1970
- Colonel Vernon J Henderson (USAF) (1922–2008), awarded 1970[citation needed]
- Samuel Hill, 1922[43]
- Frederick J. Horne, awarded 1919[44]
- Akira Ifukube (1914–2006)[3][when?]
- Miles Wedderburn Lampson (1880–1964), awarded 1932[45]
- Trevor Leggett (1914–2000)[46][when?]
- Masao Maruyama (1914–1996), awarded 1976[3]
- Genzō Murakami, awarded 1981[3]
- Toshiro Mifune, awarded 1993[47]
- Isamu Noguchi (1904–1988), awarded 1988[48]
- Thomas Noguchi, awarded 1999[49]
- Keiko Ozato, awarded 2012[50]
- John Curtis Perry, awarded 1991.[51]
- Stuart D. B. Picken, 2007[citation needed]
- Leonard Pronko, awarded 1986[3][when?]
- Eric Gascoigne Robinson (1882–1965)[3][when?]
- Paul Rusch (1897-1979), awarded 1956[52]
- Tadahiro Sekimoto (1926–2007)[53][when?]
- Hiroko Sho, awarded 2006[54]
- Akira Suzuki, awarded 2005[55]
- Col. Fred Grant Swafford (1924-1996), awarded 1972
- Herbert Cyril Thacker (1870–1953)[56][when?]
- Takeo Uesugi, awarded 2010[57]
- Masanobu Tsuji (1902–1961), awarded 1942[58]
- Bunei Tsunoda (1913–2008)[when?][citation needed]
- Charles E. Tuttle (1915–1993), awarded 1983[59]
- Elizabeth Gray Vining (1902–1999), awarded 1950[60][when?]
- Rt Rev Herbert Welch (1862-1969), awarded 1928
- Arthur Young (1907–1979)[3][when?]
4th class, Gold Rays with Rosette
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- Keiko Fukuda, awarded 1990[61]
- Beate Sirota Gordon, awarded 1998[62]
- Herbert Keppler, awarded 2002[63]
- Helmut Laumer, awarded 2002[who?][citation needed]
- Hidetaka Nishiyama, 2000, awarded 2000[64]
- Junnosuke Ofusa (1908–1994), awarded 1982[65]
- Agnes Mitsue Niyekawa (1924–2012), awarded 1998[66]
- Chōshin Chibana, awarded 1968[citation needed]
- Richard Ponsonby-Fane (1878–1937), awarded 1921 [67]
- Rev. Walter Weston, awarded 1937[citation needed]
- Shozo Sato, awarded 2004[68]
- Oskar Ritter und Edler von Xylander[when?][69]
- Serizawa Keisuke (1895–1984)[70]
- Ir Sukarno (1901–1970)[who?][when?]
- Thomas Masuda (1906–1986)[who?][when?]
- Masaru Funai, awarded 2001[71]
- Masao Takahashi, awarded 2002[72]
- Rev. Jean-Baptist Gaschy (1875–1955), awarded 1954[73]
- Mildred Ruth Brown, awarded 1988[74]
- Dr. Andrew Tsubaki (1931–2009), awarded 2007[75]
5th class, Gold and Silver Rays
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- George Edward Luckman Gauntlett (1868–1956)[when?][76]
- Friedrich Hirzebruch, awarded 1996[77]
- Mabel Francis (1880-1975), awarded 1962 [78]
- Chiura Obata (1885–1975)[when?][79]
- Yoshio Tamiya (1905–1988), awarded 1976[80]
- Thomas Masuda (1906–1986)[when?]
- John Mittwer (1907–1996), awarded 1977[citation needed]
- Alfred M Burke, awarded 2012[citation needed]
- Yoshio Senda, Hon. LL.D. (1922–2009), awarded 2008[81]
- Fujitaro Kubota (1879–1973)[when?][82]
- Azalia Emma Peet (1887–1973), awarded 1953[83]
- Hester Ferreira, awarded 1997[84]
6th class, Silver Rays
- Chozaburo Kusumoto, 1906
- Hannah Riddell, (1855 - 1932) awarded 1924 [85]
- Mary Cornwall Legh (1857-1941), awarded 1939 [86]
- His Majesty Ariki Tuheitia of New Zealand, awarded 2015
7th class: abolished
While established with the original induction of the First 6 classes, Class 7 has never been issued or given an official designation or design.
Officially the Medal and its designation were abolished in 2003, there are no known recipients or issuances of this Medal in its original design from 1887.
8th class: abolished
While established with the original induction of the First 6 classes, Class 8 has never been issued or designated a design, like Class 7 Before it.
Officially the Medal and its designation were abolished in 2003, there are no known recipients or issuances of this Medal in its original design from 1887.
General Class
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- Jackson Bailey, awarded 1988[3]
- Faubion Bowers[87]
- Ernesto Burzagli (1873–1944), awarded 1906[88]
- Winfield Scott Chaplin (1847–1918), awarded 1882[89]
- George Ramsay Cook, awarded 1994[3]
- David Culver[3]
- Dorothy DeLay[90]
- Mamadou Diarra, awarded 1988 (Order with sunburst)[91][who?]
- Robert Lawrence Eichelberger[when?][92]
- Yoshikawa Eiji, awarded 1962[93]
- Anton Geesink[94]
- John Whitney Hall[when?][95]
- Heinrich Hertz[when?][3]
- Marcel Junod, awarded 1961[3]
- Takahira Kogoro (1854–1926)[when?][96]
- Kume Kunitake, awarded 1889[97]
- Tokubei Kuroda (1886–1987), awarded 1939[3]
- Tetsuko Kuroyanagi, awarded 2003[98]
- Toshirō Mifune, awarded 1993 (Order with gold ribbon)[99]
- Lawrence Olson, awarded 1987[100]
- Fusakichi Omori, awarded 1928[101]
- Jean-Jacques Origas, awarded 1998[3]
- John Roderick, awarded 1985[102]
- Renato Ruggiero[103][when?]
- Jack Seward, awarded 1986[104]
- Edmund Charles Wyldbore Smith (1877–1938)[105]
- Kenjiro Takayanagi, awarded 1989[106]
- Eiji Tsuburaya, awarded 1970[107]
- Yosh Uchida, awarded 1986.[citation needed]
- Morihei Ueshiba (1883–1969)[3]
- J.R. Wasson (1855–1913), awarded 1874[108]
- Makau Ariki Atawhai of Maurea, New Zealand, awarded 2015
Gallery
- Order of the Sacred Treasure
-
Order of the Sacred Treasure, Third Class, (Japan decoration) - medal closeup.JPG
Order of the Sacred Treasure (class 3)
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Orders of the Sacred Treasure class5.JPG
Order of the Sacred Treasure (class 5)
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Orders of the Sacred Treasure class6-010.JPG
Order of the Sacred Treasure (class 6)
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Order of the Sacred Treasure ribbon.JPG
Ribbon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure – old type
See also
- Order of the British Empire (UK)
- National Order of Merit (France)
- Order of Civil Merit (Spain)
- Order of the Star of Italy
- Order of Service Merit (ROK)
- Order of the Crown of Thailand
- Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (Grand Decoration in Silver with Sash, in Silver with Star, in Silver, Decoration of Honour in Silver, Decoration of Merit in Silver, Silver Medal)
- Order of Merit (Portugal)
References
- ↑ Order of the Sacred Treasure profile, www8.cao.go.jp; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Honor awarded 1929 -- "Japanese Emperor Honors H.W. Taft; Consul-General Gives Insignia for Fostering International Friendship. Diploma Also Presented; Brother of Chief Justice Receives Order of Rising Sun at Exercises Here," New York Times, June 28, 1929.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 32428. p. 6569. 19 August 1921. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ↑ Abdullah Ahmad Badawi profile; accessed 2 July 2014
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ "Passing of Norio Ohga, Senior Advisor and former President and Chairman, Sony Corporation", sony.net, 23 April 2011; retrieved 8 August 2011.
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- ↑ Kirkup, James. Masaru Ibuka obituary, independent.co.uk, The Independent (London, UK), 22 December 1997; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Umezawa Michiharu
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Strom, Stephanie "Nakamura Utaemon VI, 84, International Star of Kabuki", New York Times, 4 April 2001.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 30363. p. 11322. 30 October 1917. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
- ↑ "Fellowship to Recognise Contribution to Language Teaching and Learning", Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research (CILT), 27 March 2002; retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ↑ Sir Julian Ridsdale profile, timesonline.co.uk, 23 July 2004; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ Shoichiro Toyoda profile, toyota.com; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32180. p. 62. 4 January 1921. Retrieved 2 April 2009.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ W. Edwards Deming profile, editions-harmattan.fr; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 32428. p. 6569. 19 August 1921. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ↑ Cited in the Congressional Record, November 5, 1973, Volume 119, No. 168.
- ↑ Profile of Ted Fujita, uchicago.edu; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Yuet Keung Kan profile, Bulletin of the Chinese University of Hong Kong (p. 5)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Chubu Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction, Kiso River Lower Reaches Works Office. Johannis de Rijke profile, The Father of the Riparian Work on the Kiso-Sansen: Johannis de Rijke, page 6
- ↑ L'Harmattan entry for Sakıp Sabancı (misspelled as Sakip Sananci); accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ Adler, Cyrus (1921). Profile of Jacob Henry Schiff, books.google.com; accessed 2 July 2014.]
- ↑ National Research Institute for Cultural Properties (NRI), 田中一松, 1983.
- ↑ "Nihon no shashinka", Biographic Dictionary of Japanese Photography (Tokyo: Nichigai Associates, 2005); ISBN 4-8169-1948-1, p. 291 (Japanese)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Delmer Brown profile, csuchico.edu; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 33630. p. 4801. 1 August 1930. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ↑ "Kun Santo Zuiho Sho", Niemöller, Pätzold & Chung (1995) 'Lux Oriente', KBMf 188, p. IV
- ↑ Profile of Günther Gumprich, ritterkreuztraeger-1939-45.de; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ John E. Tuhy, Sam Hill: The Prince of Castle Nowhere (1983), Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press, ISBN 0-917304-77-2, p. 178
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ "Pax Britannica (3rd Class)", Time, 16 May 1932.
- ↑ Dunne, A., & Bowen, R. (2003): Trevor Pryce Leggett profile, Britain & Japan: biographical portraits (Vol. 4, pp. 323–33). London: Routledge; ISBN 978-1-9033-5014-0
- ↑ Toshiro Mifune profile, mifuneproductions.co.jp; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Duquesne/Wecht Institute of Forensic Science and Law profile of Thomas Noguchi, jfk.duq.edul accessed 2 July 2014.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ "Tadahiro Sekimoto, Former Chairman of NEC, Passed Away on November 11, 2007", NEC Corporation, nec.co.jp, 12 November 2007.
- ↑ Profile of Hiroko Sho, oist.jp; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Profile of Akira Suzuki, nobelprize.org; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Prominent People of the Maritime Provinces, p. 193
- ↑ Takeo Uesugi profile, rafu.com; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Tsuji, Masanobu (1997) Japan's Greatest Victory, Britain's Worst Defeat, p. 108
- ↑ Profile, Tuttle Publishing Internet homepage, peripluspublishinggroup.com; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Sullivan, K. (2003): A lifetime of Judo: 90 year old Keiko Fukuda, the martial art's highest-ranked woman, still goes to the mat for her Bay Area students, judoinfo.com, reproduced from the San Francisco Chronicle, 17 October 2003; retrieved 25 April 2010.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Herbert Keppler profile, ny.us.emb-japan.go.jp; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Nishiyama bio, ITKF,org; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Bird, David and Robert McG. Thomas Jr. "Notes on People: Japanese Writer for Times Decorated by Hirohito", New York Times, 13 May 1982.
- ↑ Agnes Mitsue Niyekawa profile, 1 January 1999; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Britton, Dorothy. (1997). Richard Ponsonby-Fane profile, "A Modern William Adams"], Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits], books.google.com, page 203; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ About Shozo Sato, University of Illinois at Urbana website; 10 November 2006; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Oskar Ritter und Edler von Xylander, home.att.net; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Serizawa Keisuke profile, seribi.jp; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Funai website; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Letter from the Consulate General of Japan, 3 October 1988. C. Elizabeth Boyd '33 Archives, Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, United States.
- ↑ Dr. Andrew Tsubaki profile, Consulate General of Japan website; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ George Gauntlett profile, Local Information Department, Okayama Prefectural Library website; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Niklaus, Robert L., John S. Sawin, & Samuel J. Stoesz. All for Jesus: God at Work in The Christian and Missionary Alliance Over One Hundred Years. Camp Hill, PA: Christian Publications, 1986, p. 201.
- ↑ Chiura Obata profile, fandrfinearts.com; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Yoshio Tamiya profile, tamiya.com; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Judo Alberta
- ↑ Kubota Garden Foundation, kubotagarden.org; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ Azalia Peet profile, fivecolleges.edu; accessed 10 August 2014.
- ↑ Friendship through Flowers, History of the Second Twenty-five Years 1981 - 2006, p80, accessed 28 December 2015
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- ↑ "Cruiser 'Livia' in Kobe to Greet Italians", Osaka Mainichi, 29 July 1922.
- ↑ "Prof. Chaplin's New Post; He will be Chancellor of the Washington University", New York Times, 30 August 1891.
- ↑ Van Gelder, Laurence. "Footlights: Honor Bound", New York Times, 4 November 1998.
- ↑ L'Harmattan web site (French)
- ↑ "Uncle Bob", Time, 10 September 1945.
- ↑ Yoshikawa, Eiji. (1995). Musashi (transl. Charles S. Terry), p. 971.
- ↑ L'Harmattan web site; accessed 2 July 2014 (French)
- ↑ Scott, Janny. "John W. Hall, Historian of Japan, Dies at 81", New York Times, 27 October 1997; accessed 2 July 2014.
- ↑ "Text of Treaty; Signed by the Emperor of Japan and Czar of Russia", New York Times, 17 October 1905.
- ↑ Brownlee, John. (1997). Japanese historians and the national myths, 1600-1945: the age of the gods and Emperor Jinmu, p. 96
- ↑ L'Harmattan web site (in French), Order with gold rays and cross; UNICEF: Goodwill Ambassador Kuroyanagi profile; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ L'Harmattan web site (French); accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ "Lawrence Olson, 73, An Expert on Japan" New York Times, 2 April 1992.
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- ↑ L'Harmattan web site (in French), editions-harmattan.fr; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ "Japan Expert, Linguist & Writer Jack Seward Passes away at 86", southjnews.com; accessed 6 July 2014.
- ↑ The London Gazette: no. 32095. p. 10197. 22 October 1920. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ↑ "Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91", New York Times, 25 July 1990.
- ↑ Morrison, Donald. "Japan's Master of Monsters", Time. 13 December 2007.
- ↑ "A Victory for the Chinese; Japanese Driven with Heavy Loss from Ping-yang", New York Times, 22 August 1894.
Sources
- Peterson, James W., Barry C. Weaver and Michael A. Quigley. (2001). Orders and Medals of Japan and Associated States. San Ramon, California: Orders and Medals Society of America. ISBN 1-890974-09-9
- Rossiter, Johnson, ed. (1904). The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, Vol. II. Boston: The Biographical Society....Click link for digitized, full text copy of this book
- Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991, ISBN 4-7674-2015-6
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- Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2014
- Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014
- Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013
- Awards established in 1888
- Orders, decorations, and medals of Japan
- 1888 establishments in Japan
- Pages with reference errors
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_3Class_BAR.svg){kind=link}
_4Class_BAR.svg){kind=link}
