Orders of magnitude (one cubic gigametre and greater)

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Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The following is a table of objects with volumes or capacities of one cubic gigametre or greater.

The Cat's Eye Nebula on left (about 3×1046 m3) and the dark cloud Barnard 68 at top (about 6×1046 m3) are of comparable volumes; the Stingray Nebula between them is smaller with a similar volume as the small yellow light-month radius sphere, about 2×1045 m3.
The Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635) at left with about 520 cubic light years (4.4×1050 m3) dwarfs the Dumbbell Nebula's 12 cubic light years (1×1049 m3). (very approximate figures)
The globular cluster Messier 5 at upper left with about 2 million cubic light years (1.7×1054 m3) dwarfs the much smaller Bubble Nebula at lower right.
volume (m3) example
1×1027 one cubic gigametre
1.41×1027 volume of the Sun
~1×1030 volume of Alcyone, brightest star in the Pleiades[1]
~1.7×1031 volume of Arcturus, brightest star in Boötes[2]
3.4×1032 volume of Rigel the brightest star in Orion[3]
~5×1032 volume of a red giant the same mass as the Sun
1.4×1033 volume of γ Crucis, a red giant in Crux[4]
~1×1034 volume of Deneb, a white supergiant in Cygnus[5]
6.4×1034 volume of η Carinae, a luminous blue variable in Carina[6]
1.3×1035 estimated volume of Antares[7]
1.5×1035 volume of S Orionis, a Mira variable in Orion[8]
~2.75×1035 volume of Betelgeuse
1×1036 one cubic terametre
4×1036 possible volume of µ Cephei (estimates vary)
8×1036 estimated volume of VY Canis Majoris, a red hypergiant star[9]
3.9×1038 volume of a sphere which would enclose the orbit of Neptune
6–10×1039 possible volume of the Heliosphere inside the termination shock
1.1×1041 daily increase in volume of the Cat's Eye Nebula[10]
4×1043 annual increase in volume of the Cat's Eye Nebula[10][11]
1×1045 one cubic petametre
~1.7×1045 approximate volume of the Stingray Nebula[12]
~2.7×1046 volume of the bright inner nebula of the Cat's Eye Nebula[10]
5.5×1046 the volume of a Bok globule like Barnard 68[13][14]
4.4×1047 the volume of a Bok globule one light year across[13][14]
8.47×1047 one cubic light-year
~1.7×1048 volume of the Oort Cloud, assuming a radius of 50000 AU
~1.6×1049 volume of the Dumbbell Nebula
2.94×1049 one cubic parsec
4.4×1050 approximate volume of the Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635) (assuming a radius of 5 light years, sources differ)[15][16][17]
1×1054 one cubic exametre
3×1055 estimated volume of a small dwarf galaxy like NGC 1705
3.3×1055 estimated volume of the Local Bubble, assuming a radius of 100 parsecs (~39 million cubic light years)
3×1058 estimated volume of a dwarf galaxy like the Large Magellanic Cloud
2.94×1058 one cubic kiloparsec
~3.3×1061 volume of a galaxy like the Milky Way
1×1063 one cubic zettametre—approximate volume of whole Milky Way including Globes
~5×1068 volume of the Local Group
6.7×1071 volume of the Gemini Void
1×1027 one cubic yottametre
1.2×1072 volume of the Local Void (about 1.4×1024 cubic light years)[18]
3.5×1072 volume of the Virgo Supercluster[19]
1×1073 volume of the Sculptor Void (about 1.1×1025 cubic light years)[18]
2×1073 least volume of the Southern Local Supervoid (about 2.2×1025 cubic light years)[20]
3.4×1080 volume of the Observable Universe
7.1×1081 lower bound on the volume of the universe based on analysis of WMAP[21]
6.7×1083 lower bound on the volume of the entire universe
~1×10113 rough upper bound on the physical size of the present universe, a result of the maximum number of Hubble volumes.[22]
← one cubic megametre to one cubic gigametre

References

  1. ↑ Kaler, Jim, Alcyone, retrieved 18 November 2008: "radius nearly 10 solar"
  2. ↑ Mozurkewich, David; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Hindsley, Robert B.; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Hummel, Christian A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Johnston, Kenneth J.; Hajian, Arsen R.; Elias II, Nicholas M.; Buscher, David F.; and Simon, Richard S.; Angular diameters of stars from the Mark III optical interferometer, Astronomical Journal, 126, 2502-2520 (2003)
  3. ↑ Its radius is 70 times the Sun's
  4. ↑ Its radius is 113 times the Sun's.
  5. ↑ Its radius is 203 times the Sun's.
  6. ↑ Its radius is about 240 times the Sun's.
  7. ↑ VizeR page for Antares, retrieved 18 November 2009: "5.1e+02 solRad"
  8. ↑ VizeR page for S Orionis, retrieved 18 November 2009: "5.3e+02 solRad"
  9. ↑ Humphreys, Roberta M.; VY Canis Majoris: The Astrophysical Basis of its Luminosity, arxiv.org, 13 October 2006, page 3, retrieved 18 November 2009: "1800 to 2100 R⊙"
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 ​4⁄3πr3; core radius r = distance times sin(​1⁄2 angular diameter) = 0.2 light year.Distance = 3.3 ± 0.9 kly; angular diameter = 20 arcseconds; expands 10 milliarcseconds per year.(Reed et al. 1999)
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ r = 0.08 light years; ​4⁄3πr3 = 1.86×1045 m3
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 their size varies: a globule one quarter light year in radius has 5.5×1046 m3, one a half light year in radius has 4.4×1047 m3, one a light year in radius has 3.5×1048 m3
  15. ↑ APOD 2006
  16. ↑ Hubble Site, 2000. An Expanding Bubble in Space. "diameter of 6 light-years".
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 An Atlas of the Universe. The Nearest Superclusters. Retrieved 19 November 2008
  19. ↑ assuming it is a sphere of 100 million light year radius
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0605709v2 How Many Universes Do There Need To Be?
  22. ↑ http://arxiv.org/pdf/1208.2924v1.pdf "On Cosmological Implications of Holographic Entropy Bound" p.4
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