Osteoid osteoma

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Osteoid osteoma
Osteoidosteom Roentgen-MRT.png
Osteoid osteoma of the trochanter minor: X-ray and MRI with marked sclerosis around the nidus.
Classification and external resources
Specialty Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 446: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
ICD-10 D16.9
ICD-O 9191/0
DiseasesDB 31488
eMedicine article/392850
Patient UK Osteoid osteoma
MeSH D010017
[[[d:Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 863: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|edit on Wikidata]]]

An osteoid osteoma is a benign bone tumor that arises from osteoblasts and was originally thought to be a smaller version of an osteoblastoma. Osteoid osteomas tend to be less than 1.5 cm in size. The tumor can be in any bone in the body but are most common in long bones, such as the femur and tibia. They account for 10 to 12 percent of all benign bone tumors. "Osteoid osteomas may occur at any age, and are most common in patients between the ages of 4 and 25 years old. Males are affected approximately three times more commonly than females."[1]

Presentation

Characterized by being less than 1.5 cm in diameter, osteoid osteomas most frequently occur in young men (Male:Female ratio 3:1) and may occur in any bone of the body, most frequently around the knee but often also seen in the vertebrae, in the long bones and less commonly in the mandible or other craniofacial bones.[citation needed]

Severe pain typically occurs at night, but can also be constant at any time of day.[2] The chief complaint may only be of dull pain which is non radiating and persistent throughout 24 hours but increases significantly at night. Pain tends to be relieved with NSAIDs such as ibuprofen.[3]

Histological Findings

Micrograph of an osteoid osteoma showing the characteristic anastomosing bony trabeculae and osteoblastic rimming. H&E stain.

On histological examination osteoid osteoma consists of a small (< 1.5–2 cm), yellowish to red nidus of osteoid and woven bone with interconnected trabeculae, and a background and rim of highly vascularized, fibrous connective tissue. Varying degrees of sclerotic bone reaction may surround the lesion. Benign osteoblastoma is virtually indistinguishable from osteoid osteoma. The usual appearance included a fibrovascular stroma with numerous osteoblasts, osteoid tissue, well-formed woven bone, and giant cells. The osteoblasts were generally small and regular in shape.[4]

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of an Osteoid Osteoma are:

  • dull pain that escalates to severe at night OR slight pain, rising to become severe even at nighttime, affecting sleep quality
  • limping
  • muscle atrophy
  • bowing deformity
  • swelling
  • increased or decreased bone growth

[5] [6] The most common symptom is pain that can be relieved with over the counter pain medication in the beginning. After the benign tumor develops further the pain can not be alleviated with medication and minor to severe swelling starts to occur. Although, in some cases the pain level remains the same for years, and regular NSAIDs intake keeps the pain at bay. The tumor is often found through x-ray imaging. "Conventional radiographs reveal a well-demarcated lytic lesion (nidus) surrounded by a distinct zone of sclerosis" that allow doctors to identify the tumor.[7]

Diagnosis

CT scan showing an osteoid osteoma of the fibula with a clearly visible nidus.

Radiographs in osteoid osteoma typically show a round lucency, containing a dense sclerotic central nidus (the characteristic lesion in this kind of tumor), surrounded by sclerotic bone. The nidus is seldom larger than 1.5 cm.[citation needed]

The lesion can in most cases be detected on CT scan, bone scans and angiograms. Plain radiographs are not always diagnostic. MRI adds little to the CT findings which are useful for localisation. Radionuclide scanning shows intense uptake which is useful for localisation at surgery using a hand held detector, and for confirmation that the entire lesion has been removed.[8][9]

Treatment

Pain may be relieved by aspirin or other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Treatment varies based on the health of the patient. If he/she is otherwise healthy and is not significantly bothered by the pain, the tumor is treated symptomatically with anti-inflammatories. If this therapy fails, surgical or percutaneous ablation may be considered.[10] If surgery is preferred, the individual may be referred to a podiatrist or an orthopedic surgeon to perform the ablation. Post-surgery therapy and strengthening may be needed, depending on the tumor location and health of the individual. Recently, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation is the preferred treatment option. "This is a minimally invasive procedure in which radio frequencies are passed beneath the skin through a needle to kill the tumor cells by heating them to a high temperature."[11] This technique is performed by a radiologist and is preferred because it is done under general anesthesia and does not weaken the bone as much as surgery does. The recovery time is also shorter for this treatment. As of July 17 2014, a special treatment with incisionless surgery uses ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to destroy the tumor in the leg without piercing the skin. In this treatment doctors use an MRI to guide high-intensity ultrasound waves to destroy a benign bone tumor[12]

Ablation is performed in some cases.[13][14]

References

  1. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00507[full citation needed]
  2. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/465365_2[full citation needed]
  5. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link][self-published source?]
  6. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. Osteoid Osteoma Imaging at eMedicine
  9. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. http://www.bonetumor.org/tumors-bone/osteoid-osteoma[full citation needed]
  11. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. Focused Ultrasound Foundation. "Bone tumor destroyed using incisionless surgery: First in North American child." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 August 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140806142126.htm>.
  13. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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15. Satish Karandikar, Gagan Thakur, Manisha Tijare, Shreenivas K, Kavita Agarwal. Osteoid

   osteoma of mandible. BMJ Case Reports. 2011; 10.1136/bcr.10.2001.4886.[1]

External links

  1. 15. Satish Karandikar, Gagan Thakur, Manisha Tijare, Shreenivas K, Kavita Agarwal. Osteoid osteoma of mandible. BMJ Case Reports. 2011; 10.1136/bcr.10.2001.4886.