Palestinian refugee

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Palestine and Palestinian refugees under the care of UNRWA
Refugees (June 1946 – May 1948): 711,000 (estimated)[1]
1948 refugees still alive (2012): 30,000 to 50,000 (estimated)[2][3]
Descendants (2012): 4,950,000 (estimated)[2]
Total (2012): 5,000,000 (estimated)[2][4][5] For the basis of this figure also see the UNRWA definition
Regions with significant populations: Gaza Strip, West Bank, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel
Languages: Arabic, Hebrew, other
Religions: Sunni Islam, Shia Islam, Judaism, Greek Orthodoxy, Greek Catholicism, other forms of Christianity

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Further information: Definitions of Palestinian and History of Palestinian nationality

The term "Palestine refugee",[6] originally included both Arabs and Jews whose normal place of residence was in Mandatory Palestine but were displaced and lost their livelihoods as a result of the 1948 Palestine war.[6]

Today, the term "Palestinian refugees" refers primarily to the patrilineal descendants of "Persons who meet UNRWA’s Palestine Refugee criteria" originating in the Mandate, as per the UNRWA definition.[7]

In 2012, the number of registered patrilineal descendants of the original "Palestine refugees",[7] based on the UNRWA registration requirements, is estimated to be 4,950,000,[2][3][4][5] of which an estimated 1,5 million live in UNRWA camps.[8] The number of original refugees "who meet UNRWA’s Palestine Refugee criteria" has declined from 711,000 in 1950[1] to approximately 30,000 to 50,000 in 2012.[9]

During the 1948 Palestine War, around 85% (720,000 people) of the Palestinian Arab population of what has now become Israel fled or were expelled from their homes, to the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and to the countries of Lebanon, Syria and Jordan.[10][11] They, and their descendants, who are also entitled to registration, are assisted by UNWRA in 59 registered camps, 10 of which were established in the aftermath of the Six-Day War in 1967 to cope with new Palestinian refugees.[12] Being the only refugees in the world to be mainly inherited, including unregistered, displaced persons and refugee descendants, the Palestinian Arab refugee and displaced population has grown the largest in the world.[13] They are also the world's oldest unsettled refugee population, having been under the ongoing governance of Arab states following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the refugee populations of Gaza and the West Bank under Israeli governance since the Six Day War. Citizenship or legal residency in host countries is denied in Lebanon where the absorption of Palestinians would upset a delicate confessional balance, but available in Jordan where approximately 40% of UNWRA-registered Palestinian refugees have acquired full citizenship rights.[14][15]

Non-binding UN General Assembly Resolution 194, Article 11 "resolves that the refugees" who wish to "live at peace with their neighbors … should be permitted" to return to their homes at the "earliest practicable date"[16] (11 December 1948).[17] This forms one basis for the Palestinian political claim for a 'right of return'.

Though the 1948 refugees and their descendants are broadly defined as "refugees" (laji'un), Palestinians make several distinctions. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), especially those who have returned and form part of the PNA, but also Palestinian refugee camp residents in Lebanon, repudiate this term, since it implies being a passive victim, and prefer the autonym of 'returnees' (a'idun).[18] Those who left since 1967, and their descendants, are called nazihun or 'displaced persons', though many descend from the 1948 group.[19]

An independent poll conducted in 2003 with the Palestinian populations of Gaza, West Bank, Jordan and Lebanon showed that the majority (54%) would accept a financial compensation and a place to live in West Bank or Gaza in place of returning to the exact place in modern-day Israel where they or their ancestors lived (this possibility of settlement is contemplated in the Resolution 194). Only 10% said they would live in Israel if given the option.[20]

Definitions

UNRWA

File:Palestinian refugees in 1956.jpg
Palestinian refugees in Aida Refugee Camp, Bethlehem, 1956.
Pardes Hana Immigrant Camp, 1956.

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) defines a "Palestine refugee" as a person "whose normal place of residence was Mandatory Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict".[5] The patrilineal descendants of the original Palestine refugees "are also eligible for registration."[5] UNRWA aids all "those living in its area of operations who meet this definition, who are registered with the Agency and who need assistance"[5] and those who first became refugees as a result of the Six-Day War, regardless whether they reside in areas designated as Palestine refugee camps or in other permanent communities. A Palestine refugee camp is "a plot of land placed at the disposal of UNRWA by the host government to accommodate Palestine refugees and to set up facilities to cater to their needs".[5] Only around 1.4 million of registered Palestine refugees, approximately one-third, live in the 58 UNRWA-recognised refugee camps in Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.[5] The UNRWA definition does not cover final status.[5][21] In many cases UNHCR provides support for the children of Palestine refugees too.

Registered descendants of UNRWA Palestine refugees, like “Nansen passport” and “Certificate of Eligibility” holders (the documents issued to those displaced by World War II) or like UNHCR refugees,[22] inherit the same Palestine refugee status as their male parent.

The UNRWA is an organ of the United Nations created exclusively for the purpose of aiding those displaced by the Arab-Israeli wars, with an annual budget of approximately $600 million.[23]

Origin of the Palestine refugees

1948 Palestinian exodus
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Main articles
1948 Palestinian exodus

1947–48 civil war
1948 Arab–Israeli War
1948 Palestine war
Causes of the exodus
Nakba Day
Palestine refugee camps
Palestinian refugee
Palestinian right of return
Present absentee
Transfer Committee
Resolution 194

Background
Mandatory Palestine
Israeli Declaration of Independence
Israeli–Palestinian conflict history
New Historians
Palestine · Plan Dalet
1947 partition plan · UNRWA

Key incidents
Battle of Haifa
Deir Yassin massacre
Exodus from Lydda and Ramle

Notable writers
Aref al-Aref · Yoav Gelber
Efraim Karsh · Walid Khalidi
Nur-eldeen Masalha · Benny Morris
Ilan Pappé · Tom Segev
Avraham Sela · Avi Shlaim

Related categories/lists
List of depopulated villages

Related templates
Palestinians

This box:
File:Palestinian refugees.jpg
1948 Palestinian exodus - Palestine refugees making their way from Galilee in October–November 1948

Most Palestinian refugees have retained their refugee status and continue to reside in refugee camps, including within the State of Palestine in the West Bank and in the Gaza Strip. Their descendants form a sizable portion of the Palestinian diaspora.

Palestinian refugees from the 1948 Palestine War

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Main articles: 1948 Palestinian exodus, Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus, and Palestinian Exodus 1949 to 1956

During the 1948 Palestine War, 711,000 out of around 900,000 Palestine Arabs fled or were expelled from the territories that became the State of Israel.[1] The causes and responsibilities of the exodus are a matter of controversy among historians and commentators of the conflict.[24]

Whereas historians now agree on most of the events of that period, there remains disagreement as to whether the exodus was the result of a plan designed before or during the war by Jewish leaders or was an unintended consequence of the war.[25]

In a study of bias in Palestinian and Zionist sources dealing with the 1948 Palestinian exodus, Steven Glazer lists a number of early Zionist historians and writers, notably Joseph Schechtman, Leo Kohn, Jon Kimche and Maria Syrkin, who considered that:

"...the Arabs in Palestine were asked to stay and live as citizens in the Jewish state. Instead, they chose to leave, either because they were unwilling to live with the Jews, or because they expected an Arab military victory which would annihilate the Zionists. They thought they could leave temporarily and return at their leisure. Later, an additional claim was put forth, namely that the Palestinians were ordered to leave, with radio broadcasts instructing them to quit their homes".[26]

The implication of this position is that the Palestinians chose to leave, and thus forfeited their rights to their land, and must accept their own responsibilities for the plight they find themselves in.[26]

File:Map6 RefugeesRoutes2.gif
Map describing the routes of Palestinian refugees

According to Benny Morris, between December 1947 and March 1948, around 100,000 Palestine Arabs fled. Among them were many from the higher and middle classes from the cities, who left voluntarily, expecting to return when the Arab states won the war and took control of the country.[27] When the Haganah went on the defensive, between April and July, a further 250,000 to 300,000 Palestinian Arabs left or were expelled, mainly from the towns of Haifa, Tiberias, Beit-Shean, Safed, Jaffa and Acre, which lost more than 90 percent of their Arab inhabitants.[28] Expulsions took place in many towns and villages, particularly along the Tel-Aviv-Jerusalem road[29] and in Eastern Galilee.[30] About 50,000-70,000 inhabitants of Lydda and Ramle were expelled towards Ramallah by the Israel Defense Forces during Operation Danny,[31] and most others during operations of the IDF in its rear areas.[32] During Operation Dekel, the Arabs of Nazareth and South Galilee were allowed to remain in their homes.[33] Today they form the core of the Arab Israeli population. From October to November 1948, the IDF launched Operation Yoav to remove Egyptian forces from the Negev and Operation Hiram to remove the Arab Liberation Army from North Galilee during which at least nine events named massacres of Arabs were carried out by IDF soldiers.[34] These events generated an exodus of 200,000 to 220,000 Palestinian Arabs. Here, Arabs fled fearing atrocities or were expelled if they had not fled.[35] After the war, from 1948 to 1950, the IDF resettled around 30,000 to 40,000 Arabs from the borderlands of the new Israeli state.[36]

Palestinian refugees from Six-Day War

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Main article: 1967 Palestinian exodus

As a result of the Six-Day War, around 280,000 to 325,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled[37] from the territories won in the Six-Day War by Israel, including the demolished Palestinian villages of Imwas, Yalo, Bayt Nuba, Surit, Beit Awwa, Beit Mirsem, Shuyukh, Jiftlik, Agarith and Huseirat, and the "emptying" of the refugee camps of ʿAqabat Jabr and ʿEin as-Sultan.[38][39]

Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)

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Main article: Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)

The Palestinian exodus from Kuwait took place during and after the Gulf War. During the Gulf War, more than 200,000 Palestinians voluntarily fled Kuwait during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait due to harassment and intimidation by Iraqi security forces,[40] in addition to getting fired from work by Iraqi authority figures in Kuwait.[40] After the Gulf War, Kuwaiti authorities forcibly pressured nearly 200,000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait in 1991.[40] Kuwait's policy, which led to this exodus, was a response to alignment of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) with the dictator Saddam Hussein, who had earlier invaded Kuwait.

Prior to the Gulf War, Palestinians numbered 400,0000 (30%) of Kuwait's population of 2.2 million.[41] The Palestinians who fled Kuwait were Jordanian citizens.[42] In 2013, there were 280,000 Jordanian citizens of Palestinian origin in Kuwait.[43] In 2012, 80,000 Palestinians (without Jordanian citizenship) lived in Kuwait.[44] In total, there are 360,000 Palestinians in Kuwait as of 2012-2013.

Palestinian refugees as part of the Syrian refugee crisis

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Main article: Refugees of the Syrian Civil War

As a result of the Syrian Civil War starting in 2011, 235,000 Palestinians have been displaced in Syria itself and 60,000, alongside 2.2 million Syrians, have fled the country as of October 2013.[45]

There were reports that Jordan and Lebanon have turned away Palestinian refugees attempting to flee the humanitarian crises in Syria.[citation needed] Jordan has absorbed 126,000 Syrian refugees, but Palestinians fleeing Syria are placed in a separate refugee camp, under stricter conditions and are banned from entering Jordanian cities.[46]

Palestinian refugees from Syria are also immigrating to Europe seeking asylum, especially to Sweden, which has offered asylum to any Syrian refugees that manage to reach its territory, albeit with some conditions. Many do so by finding their way to Egypt and making the journey by sea. In October 2013, the PFLP-GC claimed that some 23,000 Palestinian refugees from the Yarmouk Camp had immigrated to Sweden alone.[47]

Refugee statistics

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Further information: Palestinian refugee camps
Destroyed house in the Jabalia refugee camp, Gaza–Israel conflict, December 2012

The number of Palestine refugees varies depending on the source. For 1948-49 refugees, for example, the Israeli government suggests a number as low as 520,000 as opposed to 850,000 by their Palestinian counterparts.[citation needed] As of January 2010, UNRWA cites 1,396,368 registered refugees in camps and 3,370,302 registered refugees not in camps.[48]

District Number of depopulated villages Number of refugees in 1948 Number of refugees in 2000
Beersheba 88 90,507 590,231
Beisan 31 19,602 127,832
Jenin 6 4,005 26,118
Haifa 59 121,196 790,365
Hebron 16 22,991 149,933
Ramle 64 97,405 635,215
Safad 78 52,248 340,729
Tiberias 26 28,872 188,285
Tulkarm 18 11,032 71,944
Acre 30 47,038 306,753
Gaza 46 79,947 521,360
Jerusalem 39 97,950 638,769
Nazareth 5 8,746 57,036
Jaffa 25 123,227 803,610
Total 531 804,766 5,248,185
Demography of Palestine[49]

The number of UNRWA registered Palestine refugees by country or territory in January 2010 were as follows:

In the context of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Jewish refugees were initially resettled in refugee camps known variously as Immigrant camps, Ma'abarot, and "development towns" prior to absorption into mainstream Israeli society. Conversely, many Palestinian refugees remain settled in Palestinian refugee camps, while others have been absorbed into Jordanian society or the Palestinian territories. Since 1948, the sovereign State of Israel has guaranteed asylum and citizenship to Jewish refugees, while the self-declared State of Palestine remains unable to absorb the Palestinian refugees, due to lack of de facto sovereignty over its claimed territories.

Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip has 8 UNRWA refugee camps with 518,000 Palestinian refugees, and 1,221,110 registered refugees in total, out of a population of 1,816,379.

West Bank

The West Bank has 19 UNRWA refugee camps with 188,150 Palestinian refugees, and 741,409 registered refugees in total, out of a population of 2,345,107.

Jordan

"More than 2 million registered Palestine refugees live in Jordan. Most Palestine refugees in Jordan, but not all, have full citizenship",[4] following Jordan's annexation and occupation of the West Bank. The percentage of Palestinian refugees living in refugee camps to those who settled outside the camps is the lowest of all UNRWA fields of operations. Palestine refugees are allowed access to public services and healthcare, as a result, refugee camps are becoming more like poor city suburbs than refugee camps. Most Palestine refugees moved out of the camps to other parts of the country and the number of people living in refugee camps is around 370,000, who live in ten refugee camps. This caused UNRWA to reduce the budget allocated to Palestine refugee camps in Jordan. Former UNRWA chief-attorney James G. Lindsay says: "In Jordan, where 2 million Palestinian refugees live, all but 167,000 have citizenship, and are fully eligible for government services including education and health care." Lindsay suggests that eliminating services to refugees whose needs are subsidized by Jordan "would reduce the refugee list by 40%", leaving 3,000,000 UNRWA Palestine refugees.[51][52]

Palestinians who moved from the West Bank (whether refugees or not) to Jordan, are issued yellow-ID cards to distinguish them from the Palestinians of the "official 10 refugee camps" in Jordan. From 1988 to 2012, thousands of those yellow-ID card Palestinians had their Jordanian citizenship revoked. Jordan's Interior Minister Nayef al-Kadi said:

"Our goal is to prevent Israel from emptying the Palestinian territories of their original inhabitants," the minister explained, confirming that the kingdom had begun revoking the citizenship of Palestinians. "We should be thanked for taking this measure," he said. "We are fulfilling our national duty because Israel wants to expel the Palestinians from their homeland."[53][54]

Human Rights Watch estimated that about 2,700 Palestinians were stripped of Jordanian nationality between 2004 and 2008.[55] It is estimated that over 40,000 Palestinians were affected by this policy.[56]

In 2012, the Jordanian government promised to stop revoking the citizenship of Palestinians, and restored citizenship to 4,500 Palestinians who had previously lost it.[57]

Lebanon

100,000 Palestinians fled to Lebanon because of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and were not allowed to return.[58] As of 2013, there are 441,543 registered refugees in Lebanon.[59]

In a 2007 study, Amnesty International denounced the "appalling social and economic condition" of Palestinians in Lebanon.[58] Until 2005, Palestinians were forbidden to work in over 70 jobs because they do not have Lebanese citizenship, but this was later reduced to around 20 as of 2007 after liberalization laws.[58] In 2010, Palestinians were granted the same rights to work as other foreigners in the country.[60]

Lebanon gave citizenship to about 50,000 Christian Palestinian refugees during the 1950s and 1960s. In the mid-1990s, about 60,000 Shiite Muslim refugees were granted citizenship. This caused a protest from Maronite authorities, leading to citizenship being given to all Christian refugees who were not already citizens.[61]

In the 2010s, many Palestinian refugees in Lebanon began immigrating to Europe, both legally and illegally, as part of the European migrant crisis, due to a deterioration in living conditions there as part of the Syrian civil war. In December 2015, sources told Al Jazeera that thousands of Palestinians were fleeing to Europe by way of Turkey, with about 4,000 having fled the Ain al-Hilweh camp alone in recent months. Many are reaching Germany, with others going to Russia, Sweden, Belgium, and Norway.[62]

According to writer and researcher Mudar Zahran, a Jordanian of Palestinian heritage, the media chose to deliberately ignore the conditions of the Palestinians living in Lebanese refugee camps, and that the "tendency to blame Israel for everything" has provided Arab leaders an excuse to deliberately ignore the human rights of the Palestinian in their countries.[54]

Syria

Syria had 499,189 registered Palestinian refugees in 2013. There were 10 UNRWA refugee camps with 154,758 official Palestinian refugees.

As a result of the Syrian civil war, large numbers of Palestinian refugees fled Syria to Europe as part of the European migrant crisis, and to other Arab countries. In September 2015, a Palestinian official said that only 200,000 Palestinian refugees were left in Syria, with 100,000 Palestinian refugees from Syria in Europe and the remainder in other Arab countries.[63]

Saudi Arabia

An estimated 240,000 Palestinians are living in Saudi Arabia. They are not allowed to hold or even apply for Saudi citizenship, because of Arab League instructions barring the Arab states from granting them citizenship; the only other alternative for them is to marry a Saudi national. Palestinians are the sole foreign group that cannot benefit from a 2004 law passed by Saudi Arabia's Council of Ministers, which entitles expatriates of all nationalities who have resided in the kingdom for ten years to apply for citizenship.[64]

Iraq

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Main article: Palestinians in Iraq

There were 34,000 Palestinian refugees living in Iraq prior to the Iraq War. During the war, many were killed or fled to neighboring Jordan and Syria. Thousands lived as internally displaced persons within Iraq or were stranded in camps along Iraq's borders with Jordan and Syria, as no country in the region would accept them, and lived in temporary camps along the no man's land in the border zones.

India agreed to take in 165 refugees, with the first group arriving in March 2006. Generally, they were unable to find work in India as they spoke only Arabic though some found employment with UNHCR's non-governmental partners. All of them were provided with free access to public hospitals. Of the 165 refugees, 137 of them later found clearance for resettlement in Sweden.[65] In November 2006, 54 were granted asylum in Canada, and in 2007, some 200 were accepted for resettlement in Sweden and Iceland, and Brazil agreed to take 100.[66][67]

In 2009, significant numbers of these refugees were allowed to resettle abroad. More than 1,000 were accepted by various countries in Europe and South America, and an additional 1,350 were cleared for resettlement in the United States.[68][69] Another 68 were allowed to resettle in Australia.[70]

Positions on the 'right of return'-claim

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Main article: Palestinian right of return

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. On 11 December 1948 the United Nations General Assembly discussed Bernadotte's report and passed a resolution: "that refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbour should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date.[71]" This General Assembly article 11 of Resolution 194 has been annually re-affirmed.[16][72]

Israeli views

The Jewish Agency promised to the UN before 1948 that Palestinian Arabs would become full citizens of the State of Israel,[73] and the Israeli declaration of independence invited the Arab inhabitants of Israel to "full and equal citizenship".[74] In practice, Israel does not grant citizenship to the refugees, as it does to those Arabs who continue to reside in its borders. The 1947 Partition Plan determined citizenship based on residency, such that Arabs and Jews residing in Palestine but not in Jerusalem would obtain citizenship in the state in which they are resident. Professor of Law at Boston University Susan Akram, Omar Barghouti and Ilan Pappé have argued that Palestinian refugees from the envisioned Jewish State were entitled to normal Israeli citizenship based on laws of state succession.[75]

Arab states

The Arab League has instructed its members to deny citizenship to original Palestine Arab refugees (or their descendants) "to avoid dissolution of their identity and protect their right to return to their homeland".[76]

Tashbih Sayyed, a fellow of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, criticized Arab nations of violating human rights and making the children and grandchildren of Palestinian refugees second class citizens in Lebanon, Syria, or the Gulf States, and said that the UNRWA Palestine refugees "cling to the illusion that defeating the Jews will restore their dignity".[77]

Palestinian views

Palestine refugees claim a Palestinian right of return. In lack of an own country, their claim is based on Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which declares that "Everyone has the right to leave any country including his own, and to return to his country", although it has been argued that the term only applies to citizens or nationals of that country. Although all Arab League members at the time- Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen- voted against the resolution,[78] they also cite the non-binding article 11 of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194, which "Resolves that the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return [...]."[72] However it is currently a matter of dispute whether Resolution 194 referred only to the estimated 50,000 remaining Palestine refugees from the 1948 Palestine War, or additionally to their UNRWA-registered 4,950,000 descendants. The Palestinian National Authority supports this claim, and has been prepared to negotiate its implementation at the various peace talks. Both Fatah and Hamas hold a strong position for a claimed right of return, with Fatah being prepared to give ground on the issue while Hamas is not.[79] However, a report in Lebanon’s Daily Star newspaper in which Abdullah Muhammad Ibrahim Abdullah, the Palestinian ambassador to Lebanon and the chairman of the Palestinian Legislative Council's Political and Parliamentary Affairs committees,[80] said the proposed future Palestinian state would not be issuing Palestinian passports to UNRWA Palestine refugees – even refugees living in the West Bank and Gaza.

In a 2 January 2005 opinion poll conducted by the Palestinian Association for Human Rights involving Palestinian refugees in Lebanon:[81]

  • 96% refused to give up their right of return
  • 3% answered contrary
  • 1% did not answer

The Oslo Accords

Upon signing the Oslo Accords in 1993, Israel, the EU and the US recognized PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. In return, Yasser Arafat recognized the State of Israel and renounced terrorism. At the time, the accords were celebrated as a historic breakthrough. In accordance with these agreements, the Palestinian refugees began to be governed by an autonomous Palestinian Authority, and the parties agreed to negotiate the permanent status of the refugees, as early as 1996. However, events have halted the phasing process and made the likelihood of a future sovereign Palestinian state uncertain.[82] In another development, a rift developed between Fatah in the West-Bank and Hamas in Gaza after Hamas won the 2006 elections. Among other differences, Fatah officially recognizes the Oslo Accords with Israel, whereas Hamas does not.

United States

The United States considers the original refugees and their descendants to be refugees.[2] In May 2012, the United States Senate Appropriations Committee approved a definition of a Palestine refugee to include only those original Palestine refugees who were actually displaced between June 1946 and May 1948, resulting in an estimated number of 30,000.[3]

See also

Further reading

Interview on Palestinian refugees on This Week In Palestine radio show.
  • Tovy, Jacob (2014). Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Issue: The Formulation of a Policy, 1948 - 1956. Routledge.
  • Bowker, Robert P. G. (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-58826-202-2
  • Esber, Rosemarie M. (2008) Under the Cover of War: the Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Arabicus Books & Media ISBN 978-0-9815131-7-1
  • Gelber, Yoav (2006). Palestine 1948. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 1-84519-075-0.
  • Gerson, Allan (1978). Israel, the West Bank and International Law. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-3091-8
  • McDowall, David (1989). Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-289-9.
  • Morris, Benny (2003). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7
  • Morris, Benny, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War, (2009) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15112-1
  • Reiter, Yitzhak, National Minority, Regional Majority: Palestinian Arabs Versus Jews in Israel (Syracuse Studies on Peace and Conflict Resolution), (2009) Syracuse Univ Press (Sd). ISBN 978-0-8156-3230-6
  • Pappe, Ilan (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, London and New York: Oneworld, 2006. ISBN 1-85168-467-0
  • Segev, Tom (2007) 1967 Israel, The War and the Year that Transformed the Middle East Little Brown ISBN 978-0-316-72478-4
  • Seliktar, Ofira (2002). Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-97408-1

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "[U.S.] Deputy Secretary of State Tom Nides (..) affirmed the State Department’s view on the number of Palestinian refugees (..) that the UN and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) “provides essential services for approximately 5 million refugees,” (..) Middle East Forum founder Daniel Pipes recently noted in an op-ed for Israel Hayom that only 1 percent of the refugees served by UNRWA fit the agency’s definition of “people whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict.” The other 99 percent are descendants of refugees."Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "According to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency – the main body tasked with providing assistance to Palestinian refugees – there are more than 5 million refugees at present. However, the number of Palestinians alive who were personally displaced during Israel’s War of Independence is estimated to be around 30,000."US Senate dramatically scales down definition of Palestinian ‘refugees’
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Michael Chiller-Glaus, Tackling the Intractable: Palestinian Refugees and the Search for Middle East Peace, Peter Lang, 2007 p.81-82.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Michael Dumper, 'Introduction,' p. 2.
  12. ↑ UNWRA, Palestine refugees
  13. ↑ Dumper, 'Introduction,'p.6
  14. ↑ Rex Brynen, 'Perspectives on Palestinian repatriation,' in (ed.) Palestinian Refugee Repatriation: Global Perspectives, Taylor & Francis, 2006, pp. 63–86 p. 80.
  15. ↑ Menachem Klein, 'The Palestinian refugees of 1948: models of allowed and denied return,' in Dumper, 2006 pp. 87–106, p. 93.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Resolution 194 (III) @unispal; 11 December 1948 (doc.nr. A/RES/194 (III)).; Votes: United Nations Dag Hammarskjold Library
  17. ↑ Michael Dumper, 'Introduction' to M.Dumper (ed.)Palestinian Refugee Repatriation: Global Perspectives, Taylor & Francis, 2006 pp.1-22, p.2.
  18. ↑ Helena Lindholm Schulz, with Juliane Hammer, The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland, Psychology Press reprint 2003 p. 130.
  19. ↑ Michael Chiller-Glaus, Tackling the Intractable: Palestinian Refugees and the Search for Middle East Peace, Peter Lang, 2007 p. 82, as opposed to muwatinun (citizens).
  20. ↑ The Palestinian ‘Right of Return’: Abbas Wades into the Morass, Time Magazine, November 6, 2012
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ [1] “Thus, a holder of a so-called “Nansen Passport”4 or a “Certificate of Eligibility” issued by the International Refugee Organization must be considered a refugee under the 1951 Convention unless one of the cessation clauses has become applicable to his case or he is excluded from the application of the Convention by one of the exclusion clauses. This also applies to a surviving child of a statutory refugee.”
  23. ↑ "Today, UNRWA’s annual budget stands at approximately $600 million, of which $250 million is contributed by the United States. Overall, America has contributed $4.4 billion to the UN agency since its establishment in 1949."US Senate dramatically scales down definition of Palestinian ‘refugees’
  24. ↑ Shlaim, Avi, "The War of the Israeli Historians." Center for Arab Studies, 1 December 2003 (retrieved 17 February 2009)
  25. ↑ Benny Morris, 1989, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949, Cambridge University Press; Benny Morris, 1991, 1948 and after; Israel and the Palestinians, Clarendon Press, Oxford; Walid Khalidi, 1992, All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948, Institute for Palestine Studies; Nur Masalha, 1992, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, Institute for Palestine Studies; Efraim Karsh, 1997, Fabricating Israeli History: The "New Historians", Cass; Benny Morris, 2004, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press; Yoav Gelber, 2006, Palestine 1948: War, Escape and the Palestinian Refugee Problem, Oxford University Press; Ilan Pappé, 2006, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, OneWorld
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Steven Glazer, 1980, 'The Palestinian Exodus in 1948', J. Palestine Studies 9(4), p. 96-118.
  27. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), pp.138-139.
  28. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), p.262
  29. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), pp.233-240.
  30. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), pp.248-252.
  31. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), pp.423-436.
  32. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), p.438.
  33. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), pp.415-423.
  34. ↑ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, p245.
  35. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), p.492.
  36. ↑ Benny Morris (2003), p.538
  37. ↑ Bowker, 2003, p. 81.
  38. ↑ Gerson, 1978, p. 162.
  39. ↑ UN Doc A/8389 of 5 October 1971. Para 57. appearing in the Sunday Times (London) on 11 October 1970, where reference is made not only to the villages of Jalou, Beit Nuba, and Imwas, also referred to by the Special Committee in its first report, but in addition to villages like Surit, Beit Awwa, Beit Mirsem and El-Shuyoukh in the Hebron area and Jiflik, Agarith and Huseirat, in the Jordan Valley. The Special Committee has ascertained that all these villages have been completely destroyed Para 58. the village of Nebi Samwil was in fact destroyed by Israeli armed forces on March 22, 1971.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ [2]
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ PFLP-GC: Thousands from Yarmouk camp have fled to Sweden - Maan News Agency
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Population in Palestine
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1233304645372&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter 'UNRWA staff not tested for terror ties' Jpost
  52. ↑ http://www.mepeace.org/forum/topics/fixing-unrwa-by-james-g Repairing the UN’s Troubled System of Aid to Palestinian Refugees
  53. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Demonizing Israel is bad for the Palestinians, by Mudar Zarhan, 01/08/2010, Jerusalem Post
  55. ↑ Jordan: Stop Withdrawing Nationality from Palestinian-Origin Citizens - Human Rights Watch.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  57. ↑ Jordan promises to stop revoking citizenship from Palestinians - Times of Israel
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  59. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  60. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/18/world/middleeast/18lebanon.html
  61. ↑ Simon Haddad, The Origins of Popular Opposition to Palestinian Resettlement in Lebanon, International Migration Review, Volume 38 Number 2 (Summer 2004):470-492. Also Peteet [3].
  62. ↑ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/lebanon-palestinians-leaving-europe-151203103618789.html
  63. ↑ http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/100000-Palestinians-have-fled-Syria-to-Europe-official-says-415395
  64. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  65. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  66. ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/08/05/iraq.palestinians/
  67. ↑ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23126#.VoCqr3b2DIU
  68. ↑ http://www.unhcr.org/4b67064c6.html
  69. ↑ http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124778007172153909
  70. ↑ https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/45343
  71. ↑ http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/65/IMG/NR004365.pdf?OpenElement
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  73. ↑ Ilan Pappe, "The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine", page 110
  74. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  75. ↑ http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/display/ContentDetails/i/2591 "Under the laws of nationality and state succession, newly-created states are obligated to grant all persons found within the territory the nationality of the new state" http://www.palestinechronicle.com/view_article_details.php?id=14921 "Palestinian refugees were excluded from entitlement to citizenship in the State of Israel under the 1952 Citizenship Law. They were “denationalized” and turned into stateless refugees in violation of the law of state succession.". "The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine", Ilan Pappé, page 131
  76. ↑ Archived April 4, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  77. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  78. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  79. ↑ R. Brynen, 'Addressing the Palestinian Refugee Issue: A Brief Overview' (McGill University, background paper for the Refugee Coordination Forum, Berlin, April 2007), p.15, available at http://prrn.mcgill.ca/research/papers/brynen-070514.pdf (08/08/09)
  80. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  81. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  82. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/israel_and_the_palestinians/key_documents/1682727.stm Oslo Accords Declaration of Principals

Esber, Rosemarie M. (2008). Under the Cover of War. The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians, Arabicus Books & Media ISBN 978-0-9815131-7-1

External links

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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