Diary

For other uses, see Diary (disambiguation).

Love's Bliss — The Diary Entry, by August Müller (c. 1885)

A diary is a written or audiovisual record with discrete entries arranged by date reporting on what has happened over the course of a day or other period. Diaries have traditionally been handwritten but are now also often digital. A personal diary may include a person's experiences, thoughts, and/or feelings, excluding comments on current events outside the writer's direct experience. Someone who keeps a diary is known as a diarist. Diaries undertaken for institutional purposes play a role in many aspects of human civilization, including government records (e.g. Hansard), business ledgers, and military records. In British English, the word may also denote a preprinted journal format.

Today the term is generally employed for personal diaries, normally intended to remain private or to have a limited circulation amongst friends or relatives. The word "journal" may be sometimes used for "diary," but generally a diary has (or intends to have) daily entries (from the Latin word for 'day'), whereas journal-writing can be less frequent.

Although a diary may provide information for a memoir, autobiography or biography, it is generally written not with the intention of being published as it stands, but for the author's own use. In recent years, however, there is internal evidence in some diaries (e.g. those of Ned Rorem, Alan Clark, Tony Benn or Simon Gray) that they are written with eventual publication in mind, with the intention of self-vindication (pre- or posthumous), or simply for profit.

There are fictional or counterfeit diaries that present themselves as authentic, as demonstrated by the controversy surrounding Hermine Hug-Hellmuth's A Young Girl's Diary (1921), The Little Chronicle of Magdalena Bach, published anonymously in London in 1925, which turned out to be a mystification orchestrated by musicologist Esther Meynell, or even Konrad Kujau's fake diary of Adolf Hitler.

By extension, the term diary is also used to mean a printed publication of a written diary; and may also refer to other terms of journal including electronic formats (e.g. blogs).

Etymology

The word 'diary' comes from the Latin diarium ("daily allowance," from dies, "day"). The word 'journal' comes from the same root (diurnus, "of the day") through the Old French jurnal (the modern French for 'day' being jour).

The earliest recorded use of the word 'diary' to refer to a book in which a daily record was written was in Ben Jonson's comedy Volpone in 1605.

History

The earliest known book resembling a diary is the Diary of Merer, an ancient Egyptian logbook whose author described the transportation of limestone from Tura to Giza, likely to clad the outside of the Great Pyramid. The oldest extant diaries come from Middle Eastern and East Asian cultures, although the even earlier work To Myself (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν), today known as the Meditations, written in Greek by the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius in the second half of the 2nd century AD, already displays many characteristics of a diary. Pillowbooks of Japanese court ladies and Asian travel journals offer some aspects of this genre of writing, although they rarely consist exclusively of diurnal records.

In the medieval Near East, Arabic diaries were written from before the 10th century. The earliest surviving diary of this era which most resembles the modern diary was that of Abu Ali ibn al-Banna in the 11th century. His diary is the earliest known to be arranged in order of date (ta'rikh in Arabic), very much like modern diaries.

In France, the practice of keeping a diary has its origins in the livres de raison used as early as the Middle Ages, when the heads of landowning families used a notebook to keep accounts, draw up genealogies and record significant events in their family history or in the world around them over time. But whereas the livres de raison had a collective, transgenerational function, the modern diary focuses above all on the life of a particular individual, the author.

The precursors of the diary in the modern sense include daily notes of medieval mystics, concerned mostly with inward emotions and outward events perceived as spiritually important (e.g. Elizabeth of Schönau, Agnes Blannbekin, and perhaps also, in the lost vernacular account of her visions, Beatrice of Nazareth).

From the Renaissance on, some individuals wanted not only to record events, as in medieval chronicles and itineraries, but also to put down their own opinions and express their hopes and fears, without any intention to publish these notes. One of the early preserved examples is the anonymous Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris covering the years 1405–1449, giving subjective commentaries on current events. Famous 14th to 16th century Renaissance examples, which appeared much later as books, were the diaries by the Florentines Buonaccorso Pitti and Gregorio Dati and the Venetian Marino Sanuto the Younger. These diaries include records of even less important everyday occurrences together with much reflection, emotional experience and personal impressions.

The diary appeared in its modern form at the end of the eighteenth century in bourgeois circles, and was still mostly kept by men. According to Alain Corbin, in his History of Private Life, the post-revolutionary bourgeois spirit is linked to the emergence of the diary because it promotes individuality independently of political and religious authorities, and sets out to record and hoard private existences.

In 19th century Germany, authors such as E. T. A. Hoffmann and Friedrich Hebbel are influenced by the French Intimists. In the second half of the 19th century, the diary becomes somewhat more objective again and serves as a literary workshop or memory aid.

From the end of the nineteenth century onwards, anthologies began to replace posthumous publications of diaries (Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly in 1858, then Edmond and Jules de Goncourt in 1887, Léon Bloy in 1898, and André Gide). The diarist was gradually recognised as a writer, and the diary as a literary object.

At the same time, ordinary diary-keeping continued and developed. With advances in literacy, it also became more common. For a long time in the 19th century, diary-keeping was an elitist practice, essentially reserved for families from the nobility and the educated classes. This trend began to broaden during the Franco-Prussian War, when a large number of "mobile" people kept diaries; some of them were schoolteachers, craftsmen or even farmers. The trend was even more marked after the First World War. In the rear and at the front, "more journals were opened than ever before in August 1914".

Published diaries

Samuel Pepys

Faustina Kowalska

Many diaries of notable figures have been published and form an important element of autobiographical literature. One might think that any diary reading not intended by the author is an invasion of his privacy. Restif de la Bretonne began his Inscriptions as an extension of Monsieur Nicolas, Benjamin Constant observed that one always writes "for the gallery", Henri-Frédéric Amiel authorized his executors in writing to print one or two volumes of extracts from the 17,000 pages of his diary.

It might also be thought that, while the diary explicitly denies an addressee, a reader is always secretly hoped for, as the diarist wishes to be intimately understood. On the one hand, intimate writing, like all autobiographical writing, aims to re-establish a form of truth, to "justify one's life" to others, as Julien Green has said. And as such, writing a diary presupposes a benevolent reader. On the other hand, the diary, like all autobiographical writing, is a form of "literalization" of one's existence. Writing about oneself is often a way of transcending one's experience through discourse, of turning one's existence into a "story" to be told.

Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) is the earliest diarist who is well known today; his diaries, preserved in Magdalene College, Cambridge, were first transcribed and published in 1825. Pepys was amongst the first who took the diary beyond mere business transaction notation, into the realm of the personal. Pepys' contemporary John Evelyn also kept a notable diary, and their works are among the most important primary sources for the English Restoration period, and consist of eyewitness accounts of many great events, such as the Great Plague of London, and the Great Fire of London.

The practice of posthumous publication of diaries of literary and other notables began in the 19th century. As examples, the Grasmere Journal of Dorothy Wordsworth (1771–1855) was published in 1897; the journals of Fanny Burney (1752–1840) were published in 1889; the diaries of Henry Crabb Robinson (1776–1867) were published in 1869.

Among important U.S. Civil War diaries are those of George Templeton Strong, a New York City lawyer, and Mary Chesnut, the wife of a Confederate officer. The diary of Jemima Condict, living in the area of what is now West Orange, New Jersey, includes local observations of the American Revolutionary War.

Since the 19th century the publication of diaries by their authors has become commonplace – notably amongst politicians seeking justification but also amongst artists and litterateurs of all descriptions. Amongst late 20th-century British published political diaries, those of Richard Crossman, Tony Benn and Alan Clark are representative, the latter being more indiscreet, in the tradition of the diaries of Chips Channon. In Britain in the field of the arts notable diaries were published by James Lees-Milne, Roy Strong and Peter Hall. Harold Nicolson in the mid-20th century covered both politics and the arts.

One of the most famous modern diaries, widely read and translated, is the posthumously published The Diary of a Young Girl by Anne Frank, who wrote it while in hiding during the German occupation of Amsterdam in the 1940s. Otto Frank edited his daughter's diary and arranged for its publication after the war. Many edits were made before the diary was published in other countries. This was due to sexually explicit material, which also led to some libraries banning the book.

The writing of diaries was also often practiced from the 20th century onwards as a conscious act of self-exploration (of greater or lesser sincerity) – examples being the diaries of Carl Jung, Aleister Crowley and Anaïs Nin. Among important diaries by 20th-century literary figures are those of Franz Kafka, Edmund Wilson and the French writer Paul Léautaud (1872–1956). The self-reflective Diary: Divine Mercy in My Soul written by Saint Faustina contains accounts of her visions and conversations with Jesus.

A strong psychological effect may arise from having an audience for one's self-expression, even if this is the book one writes in, only read by oneself – particularly in adversity. Anne Frank went so far as to address her diary as "Kitty." Friedrich Kellner, a court official in Germany, thought of his diary as a weapon for any future fight against tyrants and terrorism, and named it 'Mein Widerstand', My Opposition. Victor Klemperer was similarly concerned with recording for the future the tyrannies and hypocrisies of Third Reich and of its East German successor state in his diaries. However in these cases, the authors didn't anticipate publication.

Internet diaries

Main articles: Online diary and Blog

As internet access became commonly available, many people adopted it as another medium in which to chronicle their lives with the added dimension of an audience. The first online diary is thought to be Claudio Pinhanez's Open Diary, published at the MIT Media Lab website from 14 November 1994 until 1996. Other early online diarists include Justin Hall, who began eleven years of personal online diary-writing in 1994, Carolyn Burke, who started publishing Carolyn's Diary on 3 January 1995, and Bryon Sutherland, who announced his diary The Semi-Existence of Bryon in a USENET newsgroup on 19 April 1995.

The internet has also served as a way to bring previously unpublished diaries to the attention of historians and other readers, such as the diary of Michael Shiner, an enslaved person in the 19th century who documented his life in Washington, D.C.

Web-based services such as Open Diary (started in October 1998) and LiveJournal (January 1999) soon appeared to streamline and automate online publishing, but growth in personal storytelling came with the emergence of blogs. While the format first focused on external links and topical commentary, widespread blogging tools were quickly used to create web journals. Recent advances have also been made to enable the privacy of internet diary entries. For example, some diary software now stores entries in an encrypted format, such as 256-bit AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption, and others only permit access to the diary after correct PIN entry on a secure USB device.

Digital diaries

With the popularization of mobile apps, diary or journaling apps have become available for iOS and Android. Proponents have cited numerous reasons for journaling using digital applications, including ease and speed of typing, mobile portability, and search capabilities. Digital diaries are also tailored towards shorter-form, in-the-moment writing, similar to user engagement with social media services such as Twitter and Instagram. Brazilian philosopher Olavo de Carvalho, a notable example of such use, kept for several years a diary in his Facebook page, although it was later published in book form.

Other forms of diaries

Personal organizer

Main article: Personal organizer

A personal organizer is a form of diary to list actions and tasks for the day, which are recorded in a log, often using symbols to differentiate and categorize items.

Graphic and photographic journal

There is a particular form of diary, those illustrated or accompanied by photographs, or made up of photographs, such as those by Lewis Carroll, Hélène Hoppenot, Hannah Cullwick, Nan Goldin, Sophie Calle, Isabelle Mège, and others.

Diet journal

A diet journal or food diary is a daily record of all food and beverage consumed as a means of tracking calorie consumption for the purpose of weight loss or other nutritional monitoring.

Gardening journal

A gardening journal helps gardeners improve their efforts over time by providing a historical record of actions taken, the weather and other elements, and the results.

Gratitude journal

A gratitude journal is a diary of things for which someone is grateful. Keeping a gratitude journal is a popular practice in the field of positive psychology.

Sleep diary

Main article: Sleep diary

A sleep diary or sleep log is a tool used in the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders or to keep track of dreams had in order to gain insight to the subconscious or for further contemplation.

Tagebuch

The German Tagebuch ('days-book') is normally rendered as "diary" in English, but the term encompasses workbooks or working journals as well as diaries proper. For example, the notebooks of the Austrian writer Robert Musil and of the German-Swiss artist Paul Klee are called Tagebücher.

Cahiers

Alongside the private journal, there is the intellectual, philosophical or other kind of diary, which is usually referred to in France as a cahier (notebook). These notebooks fall into the category of diaries (if the writings are dated, otherwise the term carnets is used). This type of diary, which abstracts itself from material and external contingencies, is no longer described as "intimate" (even if it is necessarily somewhat so).

Travel journal

See also: Travel literature § Travel journals

A travel journal, travel diary, or road journal, is the documentation of a journey or series of journeys. Travel journals include those of Matsuo Bashō, Smollett, Stendhal, Sterne, Émile Zola, Stevenson, Goethe's Italian Journey and, highly seasoned with imagination, Gérard de Nerval's Voyage to the Orient. In the 20th century, films also sometimes took the form of travel narratives (such as Notes Towards an African Orestes or L'India vista da Rossellini). The development of investigative journalism and reportage led to the birth of travel reports or travel narratives, which, however, did not always take the form of diaries.

War diary

Main article: War diary

A war diary is a regularly updated official record of a military unit's administration and activities during wartime maintained by an officer in the unit. Such diaries can form an important source of historical information, for example about long and complex battles in World War I.

Fictional diaries

Main article: List of fictional diaries

There are numerous examples of fictional diaries. One of the earliest printed fictional diaries was the 1824 novella Diary of a Parish Clerk by Steen Steensen Blicher. Another famous examples of the use of fictional diaries as prose are Bram Stoker's Dracula, the humorous Diary of a Nobody by George Grossmith and his brother Weedon, Bernanos' The Diary of a Country Priest and Martin A. Hansen's The Liar. Jun'ichirō Tanizaki also wrote several works of fiction in diary form.

20th-century examples include radio broadcasts (e.g. Mrs. Dale's Diary) and published books (e.g. the Diaries of Adrian Mole). Both prompted long-running satirical features in the magazine Private Eye: the former entitled Mrs Wilson's Diary in reference to Mary Wilson, wife of Prime Minister Harold Wilson, the latter entitled The Secret Diary of John Major Aged 47¾ and written as a pastiche of the Adrian Mole diaries from the perspective of the then-Prime Minister John Major.

A modern example includes the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series where each book of the series is written in a first-person view of the main character, as if the book were an actual diary. Other examples are the Bert Diaries and the cellphone diaries in the Japanese manga and anime television series Future Diary.

See also

• Art diary
• Autobiography
• Automatic indexing
• Bullet journal
• Coloring diary
• Commentarii
• Commonplace book
• Diary studies
• Electronic organizer
• Fake memoirs
• Hipster PDA
• Journal
• List of books on diaries and journals
• List of diarists
• List of dream diaries
• List of fictional diaries
• List of longest diaries
• Logbook
• Nikki bungaku / Poetic diary
• Personal knowledge base
• Category:Diaries
• Category:Diarists

References

Blythe, Ronald (1989). The Pleasures of Diaries: Four Centuries of Private Writing. Pantheon.

Blanchot, Maurice (1959). Le Livre à venir. Paris: Gallimard.

Boerner, Peter (1969). Tagebuch. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzlerische Verlagsbuchhandlung.

Braud, Michel (2006). La Forme des jours: pour une poétique du journal personnel. Paris: Seuil.

Didier, Béatrice (1976). Le Journal intime. Paris: PUF.

Dusini, Arno (2005). Tagebuch. Möglichkeiten einer Gattung. München: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.

Gosse, Edmund William (1910). "Diary." In: The Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 8. Cambridge: At the University Press, p. 168.

Lejeune, Philippe (2015). Ecrire sa vie. Du pacte au patrimoine autobiographique. Paris: Mauconduit.

Lejeune, Philippe (2016). Aux origines du journal personnel. France, 1750-1815,. Paris: Honoré Champion.

Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard (2005). "Der Schmerz im literarischen Tagebuch." In: Affektpoetik. Eine Kulturgeschichte literarischer Emotionen. Würzburg: Könighausen und Neumann, pp. 424–53.

Scrivano, Fabrizio (2014). Diario e narrazione. Macerata: Quodlibet.

Trapiello, Andrés (1998). El escritor de diarios: historia de un desplazamiento. Barcelona: Península.

Trilling, Lionel (1972). Sincerity and Authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Wuthenow, Ralph-Rainer (1990). Europäische Tagebücher. Eigenart, Formen, Entwicklung. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.

External links

• Quotations related to Diary at Wikiquote
• The dictionary definition of diary at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of diarist at Wiktionary