Peter Grimes

Peter Grimes is an opera by Benjamin Britten, with a libretto adapted by Montagu Slater from the narrative poem, "Peter Grimes," in George Crabbe's book The Borough. The "borough" of the opera is a fictional village which shares some similarities with Crabbe's, and later Britten's, own home of Aldeburgh, a town on England's east coast.

It was first performed at Sadler's Wells in London on 7 June 1945, conducted by Reginald Goodall, and was the first of Britten's operas to be a critical and popular success. It is still widely performed, both in the UK and internationally, and is considered part of the standard repertoire. In addition, the Four Sea Interludes were published separately (as Op. 33a) and are frequently performed as an orchestral suite. The Passacaglia was also published separately (as Op. 33b), and is also often performed, either together with the Sea Interludes or by itself.

Composition history

In 1941, shortly after the first performance of his opera Paul Bunyan, Britten and his partner Peter Pears went to stay at Escondido, California. There they read the poem by Crabbe and were struck by it. Britten, being a native of Suffolk, strongly identified with the tragic story of the Aldeburgh fisherman Peter Grimes.

This opera was first conceived while Britten was in California. Happening to read E. M. Forster's article on the 18th-century Suffolk poet George Crabbe in the BBC's magazine The Listener, he was straight away filled with nostalgic feelings about Suffolk. Pears found a copy of Crabbe's works in a second-hand bookshop and Britten read the poem The Borough, which contained the tragic story of the Aldeburgh fisherman Peter Grimes. He said later: in a flash I realised two things: that I must write an opera, and where I belonged.

Britten returned to England in April 1942. Soon after his return, he asked Montagu Slater to be his librettist for Peter Grimes. Britten and Pears both had a strong hand in drafting the story, and in this process the character of Grimes became far more complex. Rather than being the clear-cut villain he is in Crabbe's version, he became a victim of both cruel fate and society, while retaining darker aspects in his character. It is left to the audience to decide which version is more true, and to see how clear-cut or ambiguous the various characters are.

Pears was certainly the intended Peter Grimes, and it is likely that Britten wrote the role of Ellen Orford for Joan Cross. The work has been called "a powerful allegory of homosexual oppression", and one of "the true operatic masterpieces of the 20th century," but the composer's own contemporary (1948) summation of the work was simpler:

a subject very close to my heart—the struggle of the individual against the masses. The more vicious the society, the more vicious the individual.

Though as the writing of the libretto progressed, certain versions showed Grimes' relations with his apprentice to be bordering on paederastic, Pears persuaded Slater to cut the questionable stanzas from the final version. The opera was commissioned by the Koussevitzky Music Foundations and is "dedicated to the memory of Natalie Koussevitzky", wife of the Russian-born American conductor Serge Koussevitzky.

Performance history

When Joan Cross, who was then manager of the Sadler's Wells company, announced her intention to re-open Sadler's Wells Theatre with Peter Grimes with herself and Peter Pears in the leading roles, there were many complaints from company members about supposed favouritism and the "cacophony" of Britten's score. Yet when Peter Grimes opened in June 1945 the opera was hailed by public and critics; its box-office takings matched or exceeded those for La bohème and Madame Butterfly, which were being staged concurrently by the company.

Its American premiere was given in 1946 at Tanglewood by Koussevitzky's pupil, Leonard Bernstein.

In 1967, the Metropolitan Opera mounted a "landmark" production directed by Tyrone Guthrie and starring Jon Vickers in the role of Grimes.

In the summer of 2013, the Aldeburgh Festival staged a performance of Peter Grimes in its natural setting on the beach at Aldeburgh with tenor Alan Oke in the title role.

Roles

Role	Voice type	Premiere cast, 7 June 1945 (Conductor: Reginald Goodall)
Peter Grimes, a fisherman	tenor	Peter Pears
Ellen Orford, a widow, Borough schoolmistress	soprano	Joan Cross
Auntie, landlady of The Boar	contralto	Edith Coates
Niece 1	soprano	Blanche Turner
Niece 2	soprano	Minnia Bower
Balstrode, retired merchant skipper	baritone	Roderick Jones
Mrs. (Nabob) Sedley, a rentier widow	mezzo-soprano	Valetta Iacopi
Swallow, a lawyer	bass	Owen Brannigan
Ned Keene, apothecary and quack	baritone	Edmund Donlevy
Bob Boles, fisherman and Methodist	tenor	Morgan Jones
Rev. Horace Adams, the rector	tenor	Tom Culbert
Hobson, the carrier	bass	Frank Vaughan
John, Grimes' apprentice	silent role	Leonard Thompson

Synopsis

Prologue

A Suffolk coastal village, mid-19th century (The date is not specified, but the foghorn in Act III places it later than the date of Crabbe's poem)

Peter Grimes is questioned at an inquest over the death at sea of his apprentice. The townsfolk, all present, make it clear that they think Grimes is guilty and deserving of punishment. Although the coroner, Mr Swallow, determines the boy's death to be accidental and clears Grimes without a proper trial, he advises Grimes not to get another apprentice - a proposal against which Grimes vigorously protests. As the court is cleared, Ellen Orford, the schoolmistress whom Grimes wishes to marry as soon as he gains the Borough's respect, attempts to comfort Grimes as he rages against what he sees as the community's unwillingness to give him a true second chance.

Act 1

The same, some days later

After the first orchestral Interlude (in the Four Sea Interludes concert version entitled "Dawn"), the chorus, who constitute "the Borough", sing of their weary daily round and their relationship with the sea and the seasons. Grimes calls for help to haul his boat ashore, but is shunned by most of the community. Belatedly, Balstrode and the apothecary, Ned Keene, assist Grimes by turning the capstan. Keene tells Grimes that he has found him a new apprentice (named John) from the workhouse. Nobody will volunteer to fetch the boy, until Ellen offers ("Let her among you without fault...").

As a storm approaches, most of the community - after securing windows and equipment - take shelter in the pub. Grimes stays out, and alone with Balstrode confesses his ambitions: to make his fortune with a "good catch", buy a good home and marry Ellen Orford. Balstrode suggests "without your booty [Ellen] will have you now", only to provoke Grimes's furious "No, not for pity!" Balstrode abandons Grimes to the storm, as the latter ruminates "What harbour shelters peace?" The storm then breaks with a vengeance (second orchestral Interlude).

In the pub, tensions are rising due both to the storm and to the fiery Methodist fisherman, Bob Boles, getting increasingly drunk and lecherous after the pub's main attraction, the two "nieces". Grimes suddenly enters ("Now the Great Bear and Pleiades..."), and his wild appearance unites almost the entire community in their fear and mistrust of his "temper". Ned Keene saves the situation by starting a round ("Old Joe has gone fishing"). Just as the round reaches a climax, Ellen arrives with the apprentice, both drenched. Grimes immediately sets off with the apprentice to his hut, despite the terrible storm.

Act 2

The same, some weeks later

On Sunday morning (the third orchestral Interlude), while most of the Borough is at church, Ellen talks with John, the apprentice. She is horrified when she finds a bruise on his neck. When she confronts Grimes about it, he brusquely claims that it was an accident. Growing agitated at her mounting concern and interference, he strikes her and runs off with the boy. This does not go unseen: first Keene, Auntie, and Bob Boles, then the chorus comment on what has happened, the latter developing into a mob to investigate Grimes's hut. As the men march off, Ellen, Auntie, and the nieces sing sadly of the relationship of women with men.

At the hut, Grimes impatiently drives the ever silent John into changing out of his Sunday clothes and into fisherman's gear, and then becomes lost in his memories of his previous, now dead apprentice, reliving the boy's death of thirst. When he hears the mob of villagers approaching, he quickly comes back to reality, stirred both by a paranoid belief that John has been "gossiping" with Ellen, so provoking the "odd procession", and at the same time feeling defiant. He gets ready to set out to sea, and he tells John to be careful climbing down the cliff to his boat, but to no avail: the boy falls to his death. When the mob reaches the hut Grimes is gone, and they find nothing out of order, so they disperse.

Act 3

The same, two days later, night time in the Borough ("Moonlight" in the Sea Interludes). While a dance is going on, Mrs Sedley tries to convince the authorities that Grimes is a murderer, but to no avail. Ellen and Captain Balstrode confide in each other: Grimes has returned after many days at sea, and Balstrode has discovered a jersey washed ashore: a jersey that Ellen recognises as one she had knitted for John. Mrs Sedley overhears this, and with the knowledge that Grimes has returned, she is able to instigate another mob. Singing "Him who despises us we'll destroy", the villagers go off in search of Grimes.

While the chorus can be heard searching for him, Grimes appears onstage, singing a long monologue sparsely accompanied by cries from the off-stage chorus, and a fog horn (represented by a solo tuba): John's death has seemingly shattered Grimes's sanity. Ellen and Balstrode find him, and the old captain encourages Grimes to take his boat out to sea and sink it. Grimes leaves. The next morning, the Borough begins its day anew, as if nothing has happened. There is a report from the coastguard of a ship sinking off the coast. This is dismissed by Auntie as "one of these rumours."

Recordings

Year	Cast: Peter Grimes, Ellen Orford, Balstrode, Auntie	Conductor, Opera House and Orchestra	Label
1948	Peter Pears, Joan Cross	Reginald Goodall, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Orchestra and BBC Theatre Chorus	CD: EMI Classics 64727 Cat: (excerpts)
1958	Peter Pears, Claire Watson, James Pease, Jean Watson	Benjamin Britten, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus, Recorded Walthamstow Assembly Hall, London	London CD: Decca Cat: 414577 (reissued 1990, 2001, 2006)
1969	Peter Pears, Heather Harper, Bryan Drake, Michael Rippon	Benjamin Britten, London Symphony Orchestra, Ambrosian Opera Chorus, Recorded Snape Maltings.	BBC Recording DVD: Decca Cat: 074 3261
1978	Jon Vickers, Heather Harper, Jonathan Summers, Elizabeth Bainbridge	Colin Davis, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus	CD: Philips Cat: 462847 (reissued 1999)
1981	Jon Vickers, Heather Harper, Norman Bailey, Elizabeth Bainbridge	Colin Davis, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus	DVD: Kultur Cat: 2255 (released 2003)
1992	Anthony Rolfe Johnson, Felicity Lott, Thomas Allen, Patricia Payne	Bernard Haitink, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus	CD: EMI Classics Cat: 5483222 (reissued 2003, EMI Classics: 915620)
1994	Philip Langridge, Janice Cairns, Alan Opie, Ann Howard	David Atherton, English National Opera Orchestra and Chorus	DVD: Kultur Cat: 2902
1995	Philip Langridge, Janice Watson, Alan Opie, Ameral Gunson	Richard Hickox, City of London Sinfonia and London Symphony Orchestra Chorus	CD: Chandos Cat: 9447
2004	Glenn Winslade, Janice Watson, Anthony Michaels-Moore, Jill Grove	Colin Davis, London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus	CD: LSO Live Cat: 54
2005	Christopher Ventris, Emily Magee, Alfred Muff, Liliana Nikiteanu	Franz Welser-Möst, Orchester und Chor der Oper Zürich	DVD: EMI Classics Cat: 00971
2012	John Graham-Hall, Susan Gritton, Christopher Purves, Felicity Palmer	Robin Ticciati, Orchestra e Coro del Teatro alla Scala	DVD: Opus Arte Cat: OA1103D

References

Notes

Cited sources

Other sources

• Allen, Stephen Arthur, "He Descended into Hell: Peter Grimes, Ellen Orford and Salvation Denied", The Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Britten,, (Ed. Mervyn Cooke). Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 81–94
• Whittall, Arnold, "Peter Grimes" in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. Three, pp. 978 – 981. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. 1998 ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5

External links

• Further Peter Grimes discography
• Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes (BBC synopsis)
• Hensher, Philip. 2009. "A Man for the People. The Guardian (8 May).