Healthcare in Iran

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Imam Khomeini hospital

Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs.[1] The healthcare and medical sector's market value in Iran was almost US $24 billion in 2002 and was forecast to rise to US $31 billion by 2007.[2] With a population of 75 million (2012), Iran is one of the most populous countries in the Middle East. The country faces the common problem of other young demographic nations in the region, which is keeping pace with growth of an already huge demand for various public services. The young population will soon be old enough to start new families, which will boost the population growth rate and subsequently the need for public health infrastructures and services. Total healthcare spending is expected to rise from $24.3 billion in 2008, to $50 billion by 2013, reflecting the increasing demand on medical services.[3] Total health spending was equivalent to 4.2% of GDP in Iran in 2005.[4] 73% of all Iranians have health care coverage.[4] Iran is also the only country with a legal organ trade.[5][6]

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), as of 2000, Iran ranks 58 in healthcare and 93 in health-system performance.[7] In 2013, Bloomberg News ranked Iran 45th most efficient healthcare system ahead of United States and Brazil.[8] The report shows life expectancy in Iran is 73 years and per capita spending on healthcare is $346.[8] The health status of Iranians has improved over the last two decades. Iran has been able to extend public health preventive services through the establishment of an extensive Primary Health Care Network.[9] As a result, child and maternal mortality rates have fallen significantly, and life expectancy at birth has risen remarkably. Infant (IMR) and under-five (U5MR) mortality have decreased to 28.6 and 35.6 per 1,000 live births respectively in 2000, compared to an IMR of 122 per 1,000 and a U5MR of 191 per 1,000 in 1970.[10] Immunization of children is accessible to most of the urban and rural population.[4]

Health services

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IRAN: Healthcare (Source: EIU)[4] 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Life expectancy, average (years) 70.0 70.3 70.6 70.9 71.1 71.4
Healthcare spending (% of GDP) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
Healthcare spending ($ per head) 113 132 150 191 223 261

Coverage

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The constitution entitles Iranians to basic healthcare, and most receive subsidized prescription drugs and vaccination programs. An extensive network of public clinics offers basic care at low cost, and general and specialty hospitals operated by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) provide higher levels of care. In most large cities, well-to-do persons use private clinics and hospitals that charge high fees.[4] About 73% of all Iranian workers have health care and social security coverage.[4] In 2000, 94% of the population could access local health services, according to the WHO. Access ranged from 86% in rural areas to 100% in urban areas.[4] Between 80% and 94% of the population could access affordable essential medicines in 1999.[4] Since 2009, a new government plan called "the comprehensive insurance plan" provides basic coverage to all Iranians.[11] In April 2014 the first phase of a new health plan (Tarh-e Salaamat) was introduced under the presidency of Hassan Rouhani, covering up to 90 percent of costs for patients' medical bills at public hospitals, and making extra provision for remote areas and those with rare diseases.[12]

Workforce

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Dental care facility in Iran (circa 1970)

Iran has been very successful in training/educating the necessary human resources for its health system. The system of almost 30 years ago where the country was facing a shortage of all kinds of skilled personnel in the health and medical sector has been completely changed into one in which the necessary professionals now completely suffice the country’s needs. There are now 488 government funded hospitals in Iran. There were 0.5-1.1 physicians per 1000 population in 2004 according to various estimates (about 46 percent of physicians were women).[13]

Healthcare system in Iran (2011)[14]
Medical Schools 51
Medical Students 1 million
Professors of Medicine 20,000
Hospital Beds 120,000
Village Clinics 20,000
Doctors 100,000
Nurses 170,000

Health network

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Shariati Hospital in Tehran

Today the largest healthcare delivery network is owned and run by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) through its network of health establishments and medical schools in the country. MOHME is in charge of provision of healthcare services through its network, medical insurance, medical education, supervision and regulation of the healthcare system in the country, policymaking, production and distribution of pharmaceuticals, and research and development. Additionally, there are other parallel organisations such as Medical Services Insurance Organizations (MSIO) that have been established to act as a relief foundation as well as an insurance firm. Some hospitals, such as Mahak for children's cancer, are run by charitable foundations.

According to the last census that Statistical Centre of Iran undertook in 2003, Iran possesses 730 medical establishments (e.g. hospitals, clinics) with a total of 110,797 beds, of which 488 (77,300 beds) are directly affiliated and run by the MOHME and 120 (11,301 beds) owned by the private sector and the rest belong to other organisations, such as the Social Security Organization of Iran (SSO). There were about seven nurses and 17 hospital beds per 10,000 population.[4]

An elaborate system of health network has been established which has ensured provision of Primary Health Care (PHC) to the vast majority of public (rated "excellent" by UNICEF).[15] However, access and availability of health care continues to be somewhat limited in lesser developed provinces where the health indices are also lower as compared to national averages. The country is in an epidemiologic transition and faces double burden of the diseases. New emerging threats should also be considered. The demographic and epidemiological transition underway will have a significant effect on the pattern of morbidity and mortality in the near and distance future, especially as it affects the emergence of chronic non-communicable diseases and the health problems of an aging population.

Development

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Although overall improvements have been achieved in all health areas since the 1979 revolution, the present challenging economic conditions of the country, combined with rapid advances in medical technology and information technology, individuals’ expectations, and the young demographic of the population will undoubtedly challenge the sustainability of past improving trends.

Health tourism

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In 2012, 30,000 people visited Iran each year to receive medical treatment.[16][17] Most health tourists were from Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Iraq, Turkey, Kuwait, Oman, India and Pakistan.[18]

Pharmaceuticals

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The pharmaceutical industry in Iran began in its modern form in 1920 when the Pasteur Institute of Iran was founded. Iran has a well-developed pharmaceutical production capability, however, the country still relies on imports for raw materials and many specialized drugs. The standards regarding pharmaceutical products in Iran are determined and modified by the Pharmacopeia Council.

Iran’s Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) has a mission to provide access to sufficient quantities of safe, effective and high quality medicines that are affordable for the entire population. Since the 1979 revolution, Iran has adopted a full generic-based National Drug Policy (NDP), with local production of essential drugs and vaccines as one of the main goals.[19]

Although over 85 percent of the population use an insurance system to reimburse their drug expenses, the government heavily subsidizes pharmaceutical production/importation in order to increase affordability of medicines, which tends also to increase overconsumption, overprescription and misuse of drugs, much like the abuse of pharmaceutical opioids in Iran such as the heavily prescribed codeine for moderate to severe pain. The regulatory environment of the country is rather strict on the import of drugs and pharmaceuticals towards companies that intend to enter into the market for the first time. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education is the main stakeholder of pharmaceutical affairs in the country.

Market

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In 2006, 55 pharmaceutical companies in Iran produce more than 96 percent (quantitatively) of medicines on the market, worth $1.2 billion annually.[20] Iran’s pharmaceutical market is estimated to be worth $1.87 billion (2008), $2.31 billion (2009), $3.26 billion (2011), $3,57 billion (2013) and $3.65bn by 2013 (projected).[3][21][22][23]

The drug market in Iran is heavily in favour of generic medicines, which contributed US$1.23bn to the total in 2009, with patented drugs at US$817mn and OTC medicines at US$262mn.[22]

The market share of local production (value-wise) has declined from 85.2% to 63.4% over the past 8 (Iranian) years (2009). In this period the value of importation has jumped from 14.8% to 36.6%.[24] The government imposes 90% tariff on the import of drugs. In 2009, 1.8 million units of pharmaceutical products worth $1.2 billion were imported into Iran.[25] As of 2015, Iran’s share of global biotechnology market is half a billion US dollar.[26]

Products

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Iran has produced a wide range of pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, infection and depression.[27]

The Islamic Republic of Iran is the first country in the East Mediterranean region which has the technical and scientific capability to export vaccines to various world countries.[28] Iran will gain self-sufficiency in vaccine production by 2014.[29]

The new drugs launched in Iran for the treatment of MS include an interferon beta-1b by CinnaGen.[30] Gamma Immunex (recombinant interferon beta 1), Pegaferon (recombinant pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)) and regenerative human factor VIII are among other recombinant-based medication made in Iran.[31] A generic version of fingolimod by Novartis has been launched as well as a biosimilar version of EMD Serono′s Rebif.[32]

Iranian researchers have developed 41 types of anti-cancer medications, overcoming the need for importing pricey cancer drugs from abroad (2011).[33][34][35] There are also 24 additional biosimilar drugs which Iran plans to bring into production by end of 2012.[36] Iran plans to become self-sufficient in biotech medicines production within 4 years.[37]

According to the Food and Drug Administration in 2014, drugs for sexual enhancement, weight control, aesthetics, height enhancement, hair growth and body building are among the more prevalent fake drugs on the market. Trade in counterfeit commercial drugs, most of which come from Pakistan, has become more lucrative than dealing in illegal narcotics.[38]

Innovation

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In recent years several drugmakers are gradually developing the ability to innovate, away from generic drugs production itself.[22] Iran has around 8000 species of plant life and researches indicate that more than 2300 species have remedial characteristics or can be used as cosmetic products;[39] only 100-300 of which are being used in pharmaceutical industries at present.[40][41] Iran has 80 percent of the world medicinal herbs. Due to lack of required technology, they are exported raw and in limited quantities to foreign markets.[41]

Pharmaceutical companies

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Inside Aryogen, production line for AryoSeven
Inside AryoGen company's production line.

There are 92 companies in Iran that are active in the pharmaceutical industry.[25] The Social Security Investment Co. (SSIC), Iran's largest holding company, which is affiliated to the Ministry of Welfare, presently owns and controls 22 pharmaceutical manufacturing companies and possesses a 40% share of total pharmaceutical production in Iran.[42]

The leading pharmaceuticals company is Darou Pakhsh, which is majority-owned by the Social Security Organization. The company manufactures, distributes, imports and exports finished products and pharmaceutical raw materials. Darou Pakhsh has an annual turnover of US$400m and claims to have the largest research and development operation of any Iranian drug firm. The company formed a plasmapheresis joint venture with a German medical firm, Biotest AG, in early 2004.[4] As of 2010, 50% of raw materials and chemicals used in the drug manufacturing sector are imported.[43] Iranian pharmaceutical manufacturers are also disadvantaged by the government′s poor intellectual property protection regime and because of lack of foreign direct investment.[3]

Top 10 local manufacturers[44]

The Razi Institute for Serums and Vaccines and the Pasteur Institute of Iran are leading regional facilities in the development and manufacture of vaccines.[45]

Top 5 import agencies[46]

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Medical equipment

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The Department of Medical Equipments in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) is responsible for supervising imports in this segment, but the import and distribution of such equipment is mostly handled by the private sector. Iran has undergone the primary stages of development in terms of industrialisation and a rather strong indigenous manufacturing capability exists in the country. Therefore, one can expect to find a handful of local producers for basic medical equipment, making it very hard to penetrate into the Iranian market for similar imported ones.

Iran MED and Iran LAB are the main annual exhibitions relating to medical and laboratory equipment in Tehran.[47] In 2009, approximately $3.1 billion worth of drugs and medical products were consumed in Iran. This shows an 80% increase from 3 years ago.[25] Iran’s per capita consumption is $21, as opposed to the global average of $94 because Iran subsidizes heavily its medical and pharmaceutical industry.[25] In 2009, Iran exported $74 million worth of "medical products" to countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Russia.[25]

U.S. sanctions against Iran do not apply to medical equipment or pharmaceuticals. There are over 100 Iranian companies representing the international suppliers in this market, handling both promotion and the after-sales service of the products. Iran is a mature market when it comes to medical equipment. Most of the major international players in this sector are present in the Iran market:

See also

References

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  2. Health services and pharmaceuticals to Iran - For Australian exporters - Austrade[dead link]
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  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  8. 8.0 8.1 http://www.bloomberg.com/visual-data/best-and-worst/most-efficient-health-care-countries
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  13. http://www3.who.int/whosis/core/core_select_process.cfm?country=irn&indicators=healthpersonnel&intYear_select=all&language=en
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  15. http://www.unicef.org/iran/media_4427.html
  16. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. http://www.payvand.com/news/13/apr/1062.html
  18. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. Iran-Daily: Biggest Pharmaceutical Plant to Open Soon[dead link]
  20. Iran Daily - National - 07/01/07[dead link]
  21. [2][dead link]
  22. 22.0 22.1 22.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. BMI Iran Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Report
  24. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Dec10.pdf
  26. http://en.mehrnews.com/detail/News/106602
  27. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  37. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. http://www.payvand.com/news/14/jun/1186.html
  39. http://en.mehrnews.com/detail/News/103081
  40. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. 41.0 41.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-Jun10.pdf
  44. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/iran/biological/
  46. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. [3][dead link]
  48. http://www.wsj.com/articles/in-iran-business-deals-rarely-smooth-1436917050

External links

Specialized reports
Videos

See also

Health in Iran