Philippine Spanish
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Philippine Spanish | |
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Español filipino Castellano filipino |
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Native to | Philippines |
Region | Manila |
Ethnicity | Spanish Filipino |
Native speakers
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unknown (2,700 cited 1990 census)[1] 439,000 (2007) with "native knowledge"[2] |
Indo-European
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Spanish alphabet | |
Official status | |
Official language in
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Philippines |
Regulated by | Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
The Philippine Spanish (Spanish: Español filipino or Spanish: Castellano filipino) is a near-extinct dialect of Spanish language in the Philippines.
Contents
History
From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain which was centered in Mexico. It was only administered directly from Spain in 1821 after Mexico gained its independence that same year. Since the Philippines was a former territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain for most of the Spanish colonial period, Spanish as was spoken in the Philippines had a greater affinity to American Spanish rather than that of Peninsular Spanish.
Phonology
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Sound of ⟨ll⟩
For Filipinos who studied Spanish in formal institutions, the tendency is to follow the Iberian dialect of the Spanish language called Castilian Spanish. Thus, these speakers will tend to employ the distinction between the sounds written "ll" /ʎ/[3][4] (or more accurately, /lj/) and "y" /j/.
With regard to the consonants, place names and other proper names tend to preserve the sound of /ll/ . Examples of these are Cordillera (Filipino: Kordilyera), ballena (Filipino: balyena; whale), Padilla, Relleve, Villanueva and Arellano. However, there still exist some few words where the sound of [j] is utilised. Most common of these examples are kabayo (Spanish: caballo; horse) and sibuyas (Spanish: cebollas; onions). This is known as yeísmo, this is only happening in loanwords not in Spanish names with /ll/.
Sound of ⟨z⟩, ⟨ce⟩, ⟨ci⟩
These speakers often also distinguish between the sounds written "z, c" /θ/ and "s" /s/. However, for the non-learned population, the sound written "z, c" /θ/ is generally merged with the sound written "s" /s/. Examples of this phenomenon are the names Ciriaco [siˈrjako], sédula [ˈsedula] (Spanish: cédula; document; Philippine English: community tax certificate/residence certificate) and sinturón (Spanish: cinturón; belt). This is known as seseo, common in Andalusian, Canarian, and most Latin American Spanish dialects.
Sound of ⟨j⟩, ⟨ge⟩, ⟨gi⟩
The sound called 'jota' is non-existent in any of the Philippine languages. In words that carry this grapheme, Filipinos usually realize the sound as [h]. Therefore, names such as 'José' are pronounced [hoˈse] instead of [xoˈse]; [h] is common in Andalusian, Canarian, and some Latin American Spanish dialects.
For most of the non-learned population, Spanish is acquired through Hispanic music, or for some, especially children, by watching Dora the Explorer in Nickelodeon. For the learned population, Spanish is further enriched through watching Telenovelas from the internet or watching the cable channel of Televisión Española.[5] This results in the lack of general characteristics that describe its phonological system.
Vocabulary
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Old Mexican Spanish words entered into the lexicon of the indigenous languages of the Philippines. In fact, of the great number of Spanish loanwords that exist in the various Philippine languages, a few are actually derived from the words of some of the Indigenous languages of the Americas that were first incorporated into American Spanish.[6] These include but not limited to:[7]
PHILIPPINE LOANWORD | ORIGIN | VIA MEXICAN SPANISH | ENGLISH EQUIVALENT |
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tsokolate | Nahuatl: xocolatl | chocolate | chocolate |
sayote | Nahuatl: chayotl | chayote | chayote |
kamote | Nahuatl: camotl | camote | sweet potato |
bayabas | Arawakan: guayabo | guayaba | guava |
papaya or kapayas | Cariban: papaya | papaya | papaya |
singkamas | Nahuatl: xicamatl | jícama | Mexican turnip |
Even words of Nahuatl origin penetrated into the Philippine languages such as nanay [from (Nahuatl: nantl); (mother)] and tatay [from (Nahuatl: tatl); (father)] as a direct result of the Manila galleon. Peninsular Spanish started to influence the vocabulary of Philippine languages after the Philippines was administered directly from Spain.
Writing
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Diacritic marks are almost always left out, save for the tilde on the ñ, because of the use of American standard machines, and also because of the disallowance of using these marks by English-language media companies. Typewriters sometimes include the ñ, but they do not include accented vowels. Computer keyboards currently and have always used the U.S. standard layout, which includes neither ñ nor combining diacritics. Spanish words, however, are vocally stressed as they would be by Spanish speakers. However, the absence of these diacritic marks makes Filipino learners of Spanish liable to mispronounce (or put the accent on the wrong syllable of) the words from where loanwords in Philippine languages come from, as they pronounce these words that way in their mother languages.
As of 2012[update], of the younger generation of Filipino Hispanophones are following the Spanish orthographic convention of typing letters with diacritic marks (acute accents and diaeresis) as well as the inverted question and exclamation marks and the rest of the special characters and symbols found in Spanish orthography on their U.S. standard layout computer keyboards by using the AltGr key, Modifier key, Code page 437, Code page 850, Microsoft Windows Alt Key Numeric Codes for character shortcuts, or the US-International keyboard layout.
Microsoft Windows Alt Key Numeric Codes for the Spanish language:[8][9]
NUMERIC CODE | CHARACTER DISPLAYED | NAME | NUMERIC CODE | CHARACTER DISPLAYED | NAME |
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uppercase A with accute accent |
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lowercase a with acute accent |
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uppercase E with acute accent |
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lowercase e with acute accent |
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uppercase I with acute accent |
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lowercase i with acute accent |
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uppercase O with acute accent |
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lowercase o with acute accent |
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uppercase U with acute accent |
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lowercase u with acute accent |
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uppercase U with umlaut |
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lowercase u with umlaut |
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uppercase N with tilde or eñe |
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lowercase n with tilde or eñe |
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masculine ordinal indicator |
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feminine ordinal indicator |
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inverted question mark |
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inverted exclamation mark |
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left angle quote or left guillemet |
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right angle quote or right guillemet |
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euro sign |
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pesetas (out of circulation) |
For the numero signs such as n.o and N.os, superior ordinal letters such as 1.o, 2.a and 3.er, superior letters such as F.ca, D.a, F.co, M.a and f.do, and superior numbers such as €850, you may use the superscript (hold down the Ctrl, the Shift and the =) and underline (highlight the text then hold down the Ctrl and the letter U) keyboard shortcuts.[10]
References
- ↑ Spanish at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Mi querida elle: por Rosario González Galicia (Spanish), babab.com
- ↑ Spanish in the Philippines, by Ian Mackenzie
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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External links
- The Teaching of Spanish in the Philippines, UNESCO, February 1968
- List of Tagalog words of Spanish origin, self-published, tripod.com
- Semanario de Filipinas, Philippine Weekly news blog
- E-Dyario Filipinas, online newspaper
- Alas Filipinas, the first and only Spanish blog in the Philippines
- Revista Filipina, online magazine
- Cohen, Margot. Filipinos Learning Not to Scorn Spanish. Yale Center for the Study of Globalization, Yale University. April 2010.
- Asociacion Cultural Galeon de Manila, Spanish-Philippine cultural research group based in Madrid (in Spanish and English).
- Círculo Hispano-Filipino (in Spanish and English)
- Website of Kaibigan Kastila
- Spanish Made Easy and Practical For Filipinos
- Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation
- Casino Español de Manila
- Casino Español de Cebú
- Instituto Cervantes de Manila
- Documentary "El Idioma Español en Filipinas" (Spanish)
- Pages using duplicate arguments in template calls
- Language articles citing Ethnologue 18
- Articles containing Spanish-language text
- Language articles with old speaker data
- Languages without Glottolog code
- Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code
- Articles containing Tagalog-language text
- Articles containing Nahuatl-language text
- Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012
- Articles with inconsistent citation formats
- Languages of the Philippines
- Spanish dialects
- Spanish East Indies
- Spanish in Asia