Pithom

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Location of Pithom (as Tell-el-Maskhuta) in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt

Pithom (Hebrew: פתם‎) also called Per-Atum or Heroöpolis or Heroonopolis[1] (Greek: Ἡρώων πόλις or Ἡρώ) was an ancient city of Egypt. Multiple references in ancient Greek, Roman,[2] and biblical sources exist for this city. The exact location of this city remains somewhat uncertain. A number of scholars identified it as the modern archaeological site of Tell-el-Maskhuta.[3] Others say that the site is identified with Tell er-Retabeh,[4] while the 10th century Jewish scholar, Saadia Gaon, identified the place in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch as el-Fayyum, a place located 100 kilometres (62 miles) southwest of Cairo.[5]

The name

This name comes from Hebrew פתם Pithom which was taken from the Late Egyptian name *Pi-ʔAtōm (< *Par-ʔAtāma) 'House of Atum'. Atum, a solar deity, was one of the major gods of ancient Egypt, and a sun-god of Heliopolis.

Biblical Pithom

Pithom is one of the cities which, according to Exodus 1:11, was built for the Pharaoh of the oppression by the forced labor of the Israelites. The other city was Ramses; and the Septuagint adds a third, "On, which is Heliopolis." The meaning of the term, rendered in the Authorized Version "treasure cities" and in the Revised Version "store cities," is not definitely known. The Septuagint renders πόλεις ὀχυραί "strong [or "fortified"] cities." The same term is used of certain cities of King Solomon in I Kings 9:19 (comp. also II Chronicles 16:4).

Graeco-Roman Heroöpolis

Heroöpolis was a large city east of the Nile Delta, situated near the mouth of the Royal Canal which connected the Nile with the Red Sea. Although not immediately upon the coast, but nearly due north of the Bitter Lakes, Heroöpolis was of sufficient importance, as a trading station, to confer its name upon the arm of the Red Sea[6] which runs up the Egyptian mainland as far as Arsinoë (near modern Suez) -- the modern Gulf of Suez.[7] It was the capital of the 8th nome of Lower Egypt.

Location

Early on, the location of Pithom—just like the locations of other similar sites, such as Tanis—has been the subject of much conjecture and debate. Édouard Naville and Flinders Petrie were looking for Pithom along the Wadi Tumilat, an arable strip of land serving as the ancient transit route between Egypt and Canaan across the Sinai—the biblical 'Way of Shur'.[8]

In the spring of 1883, Naville believed he had identified Pithom as the archaeological site Tell-el-Maskhuta. The site of Pithom, as identified by Naville, is at the eastern edge of Wadi Tumilat, south-west of Ismaïlia. Petrie agreed with this identification. John Holladay, a more recent investigator of the site, also supports this opinion.

Tell el-Retaba

8 miles west from Tell-el-Maskhuta is the site of Tell el-Retabeh (also known as Tell er-Retabah, Tell er-Rebata, or Tell el-Retaba). This is approximately the midpoint of Wadi Tumilat.

Here was found a group of granite statues representing Ramesses II, two inscriptions naming Pr-Itm (Temple of Atum), storehouses and bricks made without straw. So archeologists (wrongly) concluded that this was the site of Pi-Ramesses. The excavations carried on by Naville for the Egypt Exploration Fund uncovered a city wall, a ruined temple, and the remains of a series of brick buildings with very thick walls and consisting of rectangular chambers of various sizes, opening only at the top and without any entrances to one another.

Some scholars, such as Manfred Bietak and Kenneth Kitchen, have argued that this was the ancient Pithom.[9] This opinion goes back to the 19th century, when Allen Gardiner first identified Pithom with the site of Tell er-Rebata, and this was later accepted by William F. Albright,[10] and Kenneth Kitchen.[11] Yet archeological excavations seem to show that Tell er-Rebata had been unoccupied during the period when we find monuments relating to a town called Pithom.[12]

Naville identified all these locations as being in the region of Tjeku (Sukkot), the 8th Lower Egypt nome.

The joint Polish-Slovak mission has carried out a systematic research at Tell el-Retaba since 2007.[13]

More recent analyses have demonstrated that the designation for the temple of Atum, pr-itm, can be found in inscriptions at both sites—both at Tell er-Retaba and at Tell el-Maskhuta. This seems to demonstrate that the name 'Pithom' was used originally for the earlier site, Tell er-Retaba, before it was abandoned. And when the newer city of Tell el-Maskhuta was built, the same name was applied to it as well – as the temple of Atum was moved to el-Maskhuta. Thus, in effect, 'Pithom' was moved to a new location, which phenomenon is attested with some other cities as well, such as Migdol. [14]

Wadi Tumilat Project

Modern excavations at Tell el-Maskhuta were carried out by the University of Toronto 'Wadi Tumilat Project' under the direction of John Holladay. They worked over five seasons between 1978 and 1985. These excavations have shown that the history of Tell el-Maskhuta is quite complex. There was a Middle Bronze IIB settlement there (18th-17th centuries BC), associated with the Hyksos, followed by a long break until the late 7th century BC, when there was rebuilding.

This construction at the end of the 7th century may have been carried out by Pharaoh Necho II, possibly as part of his uncompleted canal building project from the Nile to the Gulf of Suez.[15][16]

References

  1. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Kathryn A. Bard, ed. Routledge, 1999. p. 1144 ISBN 0203982835
  2. ↑ Strabo xvi. 759, 768, xvii. 803, 804; Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 5, vii. 20; Joseph. Ant. Jud. ii. 7. § 5; Plin. v. 9. § 11, vi. 32. § 33; Mela[verification needed], iii. 8; Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. ii. 1. § 6, iv. 15. § 54
  3. ↑ Ann E. Killebrew, Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity, Atlanta GA 2005, p. 152
  4. ↑ T.C. Mitchell, Biblical Archaeology: Documents for the British Museum, Cambridge University Press, p. 40.
  5. ↑ Saadia Gaon, Tafsir (Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch), Exodus 1:11
  6. ↑ Ἡρωοπολίτης κόλπος, Ptol. v. 17. § 1, Latin: Heroopoliticus Sinus
  7. ↑ Theophrast. Hist. Plant. iii. 8.
  8. ↑ Israel: Ancient Kingdom Or Late Invention? Daniel Isaac Block, ed. B&H Publishing Group, 2008 ISBN 0805446796
  9. ↑ Israel: Ancient Kingdom Or Late Invention? Daniel Isaac Block, ed. B&H Publishing Group, 2008. p. 113 ISBN 0805446796
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. BROKEN LINK
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Seters, John Van, "The Geography of the Exodus", in Silberman, Neil Ash (editor), The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honor of J. Maxwell Miller, Sheffield Academic Press, 1997, P. 261-262, ISBN 978-1850756507, [1]
  13. ↑ Aigyptos Foundation Slovak Egyptological team
  14. ↑ James K. Hoffmeier, Ancient Israel in Sinai: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Wilderness Tradition. Oxford University Press, 2005 ISBN 0198035403
  15. ↑ Seters, John Van, "The Geography of the Exodus", in Silberman, Neil Ash (editor), The Land That I Will Show You: Essays in History and Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honor of J. Maxwell Miller, Sheffield Academic Press, 1997, P. 261-262, ISBN 978-1850756507, [2]
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Sarna, Nahum M. “Exploring Exodus: The Oppression,” Biblical Archaeologist, Volume 49: 1986 (2001 electronic ed.)
  • M.I. Bakr and H. Brandl, "Various Sites in the Eastern Nile Delta: Tell el-Maskhuta", in: M.I. Bakr and H. Brandl, with F. Kalloniatis (eds.), Egyptian Antiquities from the Eastern Nile Delta (= Museums in the Nile Delta, vol. 2). Cairo/Berlin 2014, pp. 78 and 266-267, cat. 72. ISBN 9783000453182.
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